Embedded Files
Pharmacologic Category
Antidepressant, Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor
Dosing: Adult
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (off-label use): Oral: Initial: 30 mg once daily for 1 week, then 60 mg once daily (Smith 2013).
Fibromyalgia (delayed-release particles capsule only): Oral: Initial: 30 mg once daily for 1 week, then increase to 60 mg once daily as tolerated. Alternatively, slower titrations have been evaluated: 20 mg once daily, then increase by 20 mg every week up to 60 mg once daily as tolerated (Murakami 2017). Maximum dose: 60 mg/day; doses up to 120 mg/day were studied in clinical trials but did not confer any additional benefit.
Generalized anxiety disorder: Oral: Initial: 60 mg once daily; for some patients, it may be desirable to start at 30 mg once daily for 1 week before increasing to 60 mg once daily. Maintenance: 60 mg once daily. Although doses >60 mg/day did not confer additional benefit in clinical trials, some experts consider it reasonable to escalate the dose in individuals who do not respond satisfactorily to 60 mg/day (Bystritsky 2018; Simon 2010). If dose is escalated, increase by 30 mg increments at intervals of ≥1 week as needed and tolerated (Bystritsky 2018). Maximum: 120 mg/day.
Major depressive disorder (unipolar): Oral: Initial: 40 to 60 mg/day divided twice daily or given as a single daily dose. For some patients, it may be desirable to start at 30 mg once daily for 1 week before increasing to 60 mg once daily. Maintenance: 60 mg once daily. Although doses >60 mg/day did not confer additional benefit in clinical trials, based upon limited data, individual patients may benefit from dose escalation (Nelson 2018; Shelton 2007). If dose is escalated, increase by 30 mg increments at intervals of ≥1 week as needed and tolerated (Nelson 2018). Maximum: 120 mg/day.
Musculoskeletal pain, chronic:
Low back and nonradicular neck pain, chronic (alternative agent): Note: Adjunct for patients with an inadequate response to nonpharmacologic and NSAID therapy (ACP [Qaseem 2017]; Chou 2018; Isaac 2019).
Oral: Initial: 30 mg once daily for 1 to 2 weeks, then increase to 60 mg once daily as tolerated; maximum dose: 60 mg/day (Isaac 2019; manufacturer's labeling).
Osteoarthritis of the knee (alternative agent): Note: For patients with moderate to severe symptoms and an inadequate response to nonpharmacologic interventions and oral NSAIDs or oral NSAIDs are contraindicated (Deveza 2018; OARSI [McAlindon 2014]).
Oral: Initial: 30 mg once daily for 1 week, then 60 mg once daily. Maximum dose (manufacturer's labeling): 60 mg/day. Doses up to 120 mg/day may provide some additional benefit (Chappell 2009); however, adverse effects may be increased (Micca 2013).
Neuropathic pain associated with diabetes mellitus: Oral: Initial: 60 mg once daily; lower initial doses may be considered in patients when tolerability is a concern; maximum dose: 60 mg/day; doses up to 120 mg/day were studied in clinical trials but did not confer any additional benefit (Ormseth 2011).
Stress urinary incontinence (women and men) (off-label use): Note: For patients who are unresponsive to nonpharmacologic interventions or have comorbid depression (ACP [Qaseem 2014]; EAU [Burkhard 2018]; NICE 2013).
Oral: 40 mg twice daily (Filocamo 2007; Li 2013). Lower initial doses have been used in women to reduce adverse effects: 20 mg twice daily for 2 weeks then 40 mg twice daily (Castro-Diaz 2007; Schagen van Leeuwen 2008).
Discontinuation of therapy: When discontinuing antidepressant treatment that has lasted for >3 weeks, gradually taper the dose (eg, over 2 to 4 weeks) to minimize withdrawal symptoms and detect reemerging symptoms (APA 2010; WFSBP [Bauer 2015]). Reasons for a slower taper (eg, over 4 weeks) include use of a drug with a half-life <24 hours (eg, paroxetine, venlafaxine), prior history of antidepressant withdrawal symptoms, or high doses of antidepressants (APA 2010; Hirsch 2019). If intolerable withdrawal symptoms occur, resume the previously prescribed dose and/or decrease dose at a more gradual rate (Shelton 2001). Select patients (eg, those with a history of discontinuation syndrome) on long-term treatment (>6 months) may benefit from tapering over >3 months (WFSBP [Bauer 2015]). Evidence supporting ideal taper rates is limited (Shelton 2001; WFSBP [Bauer 2015]).
Switching antidepressants: Evidence for ideal antidepressant switching strategies is limited; strategies include cross-titration (gradually discontinuing the first antidepressant while at the same time gradually increasing the new antidepressant) and direct switch (abruptly discontinuing the first antidepressant and then starting the new antidepressant at an equivalent dose or lower dose and increasing it gradually). Cross-titration (eg, over 1 to 4 weeks depending upon sensitivity to discontinuation symptoms and adverse effects) is standard for most switches, but is contraindicated when switching to or from an MAOI. A direct switch may be an appropriate approach when switching to another agent in the same or similar class (eg, when switching between two SSRIs), when the antidepressant to be discontinued has been used for <1 week, or when the discontinuation is for adverse effects. When choosing the switch strategy, consider the risk of discontinuation symptoms, potential for drug interactions, other antidepressant properties (eg, half-life, adverse effects, and pharmacodynamics), and the degree of symptom control desired (Hirsch 2018; Ogle 2013; WFSBP [Bauer 2013]).
Switching to or from an MAOI:
Allow 14 days to elapse between discontinuing an MAOI and initiation of duloxetine.
Allow ≥5 days to elapse between discontinuing duloxetine and initiation of an MAOI according to manufacturer labeling; however, some experts recommend a 14-day washout period (APA 2010).
Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.
Dosing: Geriatric
Generalized anxiety disorder: Oral: Initial: 30 mg once daily; after 2 weeks, may increase to 60 mg once daily; titrate doses >60 mg once daily in increments of 30 mg once daily; maximum dose: 120 mg/day.
Major depressive disorder (unipolar): Based on pharmacokinetic studies, manufacturer labeling suggests dosage adjustment is not necessary; however, lower initial starting doses (eg, 20 mg/day) and lower maintenance doses (eg, 30 to 60 mg/day) have been recommended by some experts for elderly patients with comorbid conditions (Kennedy 2005). Refer to adult dosing.
Other indications: Refer to adult dosing.
Discontinuation of therapy: Refer to adult dosing.
Switching antidepressants: Refer to adult dosing.
Dosing: Renal Impairment: Adult
The renal dosing recommendations are based upon the best available evidence and clinical expertise. Senior Editorial Team: Bruce Mueller, PharmD, FCCP, FASN, FNKF; Jason Roberts, PhD, BPharm (Hons), B App Sc, FSHP, FISAC; Michael Heung, MD, MS.
CrCl ≥30 mL/minute: There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling; however, pharmacokinetic studies suggest that mild to moderate renal impairment (CrCl 30 to 80 mL/minute) has no significant effect on duloxetine clearance.
CrCl <30 mL/minute: The manufacturer's labeling recommends to avoid use; duloxetine and inactive metabolites AUC expected to increase significantly (Lobo 2010). When necessary, some experts recommend cautious use of lower initial doses (eg, 30 mg daily); titrate slowly, not to exceed 60 mg once daily; monitor closely for adverse effects (Davison 2014; Lobo 2010; Nagler 2012; Nguyen 2019).
Hemodialysis: Not dialyzable: The manufacturer's labeling recommends to avoid use; duloxetine AUC approximately doubled and inactive metabolites AUC increased 7- and 9-fold (Lobo 2010). When necessary, some experts recommend cautious use of lower initial doses (eg, 30 mg daily); titrate slowly, not to exceed 60 mg once daily; monitor closely for adverse effects (Davison 2014; Lobo 2010; Nagler 2012; Nguyen 2019).
Peritoneal dialysis: Unlikely to be dialyzable (expert opinion): The manufacturer's labeling recommends to avoid use; duloxetine and inactive metabolites AUC expected to increase significantly (Lobo 2010). When necessary, some experts recommend cautious use of lower initial doses (eg, 30 mg daily); titrate slowly, not to exceed 60 mg once daily; monitor closely for adverse effects (Davison 2014; Lobo 2010; Nagler 2012; Nguyen 2019).
CRRT: Unlikely to be significantly removed by CRRT. Dose as for CrCl <30 mL/minute (expert opinion).
PIRRT (eg, sustained, low-efficiency diafiltration): Unlikely to be significantly removed by PIRRT. Dose as for CrCl <30 mL/minute (expert opinion).
Dosing: Hepatic Impairment: Adult
Avoid use in hepatic impairment.
Dosing: Pediatric
Note: Duloxetine is available as 2 different capsule formulations: A delayed-release particles capsule (eg, Cymbalta) which is intended to be swallowed whole and delayed-release sprinkle capsule (eg, Drizalma Sprinkle) which is intended to be opened; both have similar dosing; approved indications for formulations in pediatric patients may vary (see "Use").
Fibromyalgia, juvenile: Adolescents ≥13 years: Oral: Delayed-release particles capsule (eg, Cymbalta): Initial: 30 mg once daily; after 1 week, may increase to 60 mg once daily based on tolerability and response. In a multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled trial (n=91 duloxetine, n=93 placebo, 13 weeks duration) and the open-label extension phase that followed (n=106, 26 weeks duration), the endpoint of change in 24-hour average pain severity score (Brief Pain Inventory [BPI]) from baseline to end of the blinded phase of the trial (13 weeks) was not statistically significantly different in duloxetine vs placebo patients; however, significantly more duloxetine-treated patients experienced ≥30% and ≥50% reductions in pain severity (measured by BPI) (Upadhyaya 2019).
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): Children ≥7 years and Adolescents ≤17 years: Oral: Delayed-release particles and sprinkle capsules (eg, Cymbalta, Drizalma Sprinkle): Initial: 30 mg once daily; after 2 weeks, may increase based on response and tolerability to 60 mg once daily; recommended daily dose range: 30 to 60 mg once daily; if further dose increases are necessary, titrate doses in increments of 30 mg once daily; maximum daily dose: 120 mg/day (Strawn 2015).
Major depressive disorder (MDD): Limited data available, efficacy not established: Children ≥7 years and Adolescents ≤17 years: Oral: Initial: 30 mg once daily; may increase based on response and tolerability by 30 mg/dose increments every 2 weeks; maximum daily dose: 120 mg/day. Dosing based on 2 double-blind, placebo-controlled studies (n=800, ages 7 to 17 years) comparing duloxetine (n=341) to fluoxetine (n=234) or placebo (n=225) for the treatment of MDD; treatment with duloxetine or fluoxetine was not shown to improve Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R) any better than placebo in either trial; trials were conducted with delayed-released particle capsule formulation (Atkinson 2014; Emslie 2014).
Discontinuation of therapy: Consider planning antidepressant discontinuation for lower-stress times, recognizing non-illness-related factors could cause stress or anxiety and be misattributed to antidepressant discontinuation (Hathaway 2018). Upon discontinuation of antidepressant therapy, gradually taper the dose to minimize the incidence of discontinuation syndromes (withdrawal) and allow for the detection of reemerging disease state symptoms (eg, relapse). Evidence supporting ideal taper rates after illness remission is limited. APA and NICE guidelines suggest tapering therapy over at least several weeks with consideration to the half-life of the antidepressant; antidepressants with a shorter half-life may need to be tapered more conservatively. After long-term (years) antidepressant treatment, WFSBP guidelines recommend tapering over 4 to 6 months, with close monitoring during and for 6 months after discontinuation. If intolerable discontinuation symptoms occur following a dose reduction, consider resuming the previously prescribed dose and/or decrease dose at a more gradual rate (APA 2010; Bauer 2002; Fenske 2009; Haddad 2001; NCCMH 2010; Schatzberg 2006; Shelton 2001; Warner 2006).
Dosage adjustment for concomitant therapy: Significant drug interactions exist, requiring dose/frequency adjustment or avoidance. Consult drug interactions database for more information.
MAO inhibitor recommendations:
Switching to or from a MAO inhibitor intended to treat psychiatric disorders:
Allow at least 14 days to elapse between discontinuing a MAO inhibitor intended to treat psychiatric disorders and initiation of duloxetine.
Allow at least 5 days to elapse between discontinuing duloxetine and initiation of a MAO inhibitor intended to treat psychiatric disorders.
Dosing: Renal Impairment: Pediatric
Children ≥7 years and Adolescents:
GFR ≥30 mL/minute: There are no dosage adjustments provided in the manufacturer's labeling; however, pharmacokinetic studies suggest that mild to moderate renal impairment (CrCl 30 to 80 mL/minute) has no significant effect on duloxetine clearance.
GFR <30 mL/minute: Avoid use.
End-stage renal disease (ESRD): Avoid use; increased concentrations of duloxetine and metabolites may occur.
Dosing: Hepatic Impairment: Pediatric
Children ≥7 years and Adolescents: Avoid use in hepatic impairment; patients with moderate hepatic impairment have shown decreased hepatic metabolism and elimination.
Calculations
- Creatinine Clearance by Cockcroft-Gault
- Creatinine Clearance by Cockcroft-Gault (SI units)
- Creatinine Clearance by Cockcroft-Gault with IBW
- Creatinine Clearance by Cockcroft-Gault with IBW (SI units)
Use: Labeled Indications
Fibromyalgia (delayed-release particles capsule only): Management of fibromyalgia in adult and pediatric patients ≥13 years of age.
Generalized anxiety disorder: Treatment of generalized anxiety disorder in adult and pediatric patients ≥7 years of age.
Major depressive disorder (unipolar): Treatment of unipolar major depressive disorder in adults.
Musculoskeletal pain, chronic: Management of chronic musculoskeletal pain including osteoarthritis of the knee and low back pain in adults.
Neuropathic pain associated with diabetes mellitus: Management of pain associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy in adults.
Use: Off-Label: Adult
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathyLevel of Evidence [B, G]
Data from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study support the use of duloxetine in the treatment of pain, numbness, and tingling associated with chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Subgroup analyses suggest efficacy may be greater for oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy as opposed to paclitaxel-induced neuropathy Ref.
Based on the American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and management of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in survivors of adult cancers, duloxetine is suggested in the management of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy.
Stress urinary incontinence (men)Level of Evidence [B, G]
Data from a single-blind randomized study and 2 small open-label studies support the use of duloxetine in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence postprostatectomy in patients unresponsive to nonpharmacologic interventions Ref.
Based on the European Association of Urology guidelines on assessment and nonsurgical management of urinary incontinence, in men with stress urinary incontinence, duloxetine either alone or combined with conservative treatment is recommended only to hasten recovery of continence postprostatectomy. Access Full Off-Label Monograph
Stress urinary incontinence (women)Level of Evidence [C, G]
Data from controlled trials of low and high quality, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses are conflicting.Ref
American College of Physicians (ACP) guidelines on nonsurgical management of urinary incontinence recommend against pharmacologic therapy in women with stress urinary incontinence and note that although low-quality, placebo-controlled studies of duloxetine demonstrate beneficial effects, these effects have not been confirmed by data from high-quality studies.
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) evidence-based guidelines on the management of urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse in women state that duloxetine should not be considered as first-line treatment for women with predominant stress urinary incontinence nor routinely used as second-line treatment for women with stress urinary incontinence. However, duloxetine may be considered as second-line therapy for women who decline surgical treatment or who are not suitable candidates for surgical treatment. Access Full Off-Label Monograph
Level of Evidence Definitions
Level of Evidence Scale
Class and Related Monographs
Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors
Comparative Efficacy
Clinical Practice Guidelines
Anxiety Disorders:
APA, "Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Panic Disorder," 2009
Anxiety Disorders Association of Canada, “Canadian Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Anxiety, Posttraumatic Stress and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders,” 2014
WFSBP, "Guidelines for the Pharmacological Treatment of Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Primary Care," 2012
WFSBP, "Guidelines for the Pharmacological Treatment of Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders, First Revision," 2008
Depression:
APA, "Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Major Depressive Disorder, Third Edition," May 2010
CANMAT, "Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Adults With Major Depressive Disorder: Section 3. Pharmacological Treatments," September 2016
WFSBP, “Guidelines for Biological Treatment of Unipolar Depressive Disorders, Part 1: Update 2013 on the Acute and Continuation Treatment of Unipolar Depressive Disorders,” 2013
WFSBP, "Guidelines for Biological Treatment of Unipolar Depressive Disorders, Part 2: Maintenance Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder-Update 2015," 2015
Fibromyalgia:
Canadian Pain Society, “2012 Canadian Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Fibromyalgia Syndrome: Executive Summary,” 2012
"EULAR Revised Recommendations for the Management of Fibromyalgia," 2016
Neuropathy:
American Academy of Neurology, the American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiagnostic Medicine, and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, "Evidence-Based Guideline: Treatment of Painful Diabetic Neuropathy," April 2011
ADA, “Diabetic Neuropathy: Position Statement by the American Diabetes Association,” 2017
ASCO, “Prevention and Management of Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Survivors of Adult Cancers: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Summary,” 2013
Osteoarthritis:
ACR/AF, “Guideline for the Management of Osteoarthritis of the Hand, Hip, and Knee,” February 2020
Stress urinary incontinence:
American College of Physicians, “Nonsurgical Management of Urinary Incontinence in Women: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians," 2014
EAU, “EAU Guidelines on Urinary Incontinence,” 2018
NICE, “Urinary Incontinence: The Management of Urinary Incontinence and Pelvic Organ Prolapse in Women,” 2013
Administration: Oral
Administer without regard to meals. Swallow capsule whole; do not crush or chew.
Delayed-release particles capsule: Although the manufacturer does not recommend opening the capsule to facilitate administration, duloxetine has been found to be stable for up to 2 hours after sprinkling the contents of capsule on applesauce or in apple juice (not chocolate pudding) taking care not to crush the pellets and damage the enteric coating (Wells 2008). Tolerability studies of this administration technique have not been conducted. Adverse effects have been reported to the FDA when patients opened the capsules, however, reports do not detail if pellets were crushed (FDA 2007).
Delayed-release sprinkle capsule: Capsule can be opened and contents sprinkled over small amount of applesauce; instruct patient to swallow drug/food mixture immediately after mixing. Contents of capsule can also be added to a plastic catheter tip syringe with 50 mL of water and shaken for 10 seconds before administering through a 12 French or larger nasogastric tube.
Administration: Pediatric
Oral: Administer without regard to meals.
Delayed-release particles capsule (eg, Cymbalta): Swallow capsule whole; do not crush or chew. Although the manufacturer does not recommend opening the capsule to facilitate administration, duloxetine has been found to be stable for up to 2 hours after sprinkling the contents of capsule on applesauce or in apple juice (not chocolate pudding) taking care not to crush the pellets and damage the enteric coating (Wells 2008). Tolerability studies of this administration technique have not been conducted. Adverse effects have been reported to the FDA when patients opened the capsules; however, reports do not detail if pellets were crushed (FDA 2007).
Delayed-release sprinkle capsule (eg, Drizalma Sprinkle):
Oral: Swallow capsule whole; do not crush or chew. For patients with difficulty swallowing, capsules may be opened and contents sprinkled over small amount of applesauce; instruct patient to swallow drug/food mixture immediately after mixing.
Nasogastric tube: Contents of capsule can be added to a plastic catheter tip syringe with 50 mL of water and gently shaken for 10 seconds before administering through a 12 French or larger nasogastric tube. Ensure no pellets are left in the syringe; if present, rinse syringe with an additional 15 mL of water.
Storage/Stability
Store at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F); excursions are permitted between 15°C and 30°C (59°F and 86°F).
Medication Patient Education with HCAHPS Considerations
What is this drug used for?
• It is used to treat low mood (depression).
• It is used to treat anxiety.
• It is used to help painful nerve diseases and diabetic nerve problems.
• It is used to ease long-term pain problems.
• It is used to treat fibromyalgia.
• It may be given to you for other reasons. Talk with the doctor.
All drugs may cause side effects. However, many people have no side effects or only have minor side effects. Call your doctor or get medical help if any of these side effects or any other side effects bother you or do not go away:
• Upset stomach
• Throwing up
• Constipation
• Diarrhea
• Stomach pain
• Dry mouth
• Feeling sleepy, tired, or weak
• Nose or throat irritation
• Weight loss
• Trouble sleeping
• Not hungry
• Sweating a lot
WARNING/CAUTION: Even though it may be rare, some people may have very bad and sometimes deadly side effects when taking a drug. Tell your doctor or get medical help right away if you have any of the following signs or symptoms that may be related to a very bad side effect:
• Depression like thoughts of suicide, anxiety, agitation, irritability, panic attacks, mood changes, behavioral changes, or confusion
• Low sodium like headache, trouble focusing, trouble with memory, confusion, weakness, seizures, or change in balance
• Bleeding like throwing up blood or vomit that looks like coffee grounds; coughing up blood; blood in the urine; black, red, or tarry stools; bleeding from the gums; abnormal vaginal bleeding; bruises without a reason or that get bigger; or any severe or persistent bleeding
• Severe headache
• Dizziness
• Passing out
• Seizures
• Unable to pass urine
• Sexual dysfunction
• Vision changes
• Decreased sex drive
• Eye pain
• Eye redness
• Eye swelling
• Serotonin syndrome like dizziness, severe headache, agitation, sensing things that seem real but are not, fast heartbeat, abnormal heartbeat, flushing, tremors, sweating a lot, change in balance, severe upset stomach, or severe diarrhea
• Liver problems like dark urine, feeling tired, not hungry, upset stomach, stomach pain, light-colored stools, throwing up, or yellow skin or eyes
• Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis like red, swollen, blistered, or peeling skin (with or without fever); red or irritated eyes; or sores in mouth, throat, nose, or eyes
• Signs of an allergic reaction, like rash; hives; itching; red, swollen, blistered, or peeling skin with or without fever; wheezing; tightness in the chest or throat; trouble breathing, swallowing, or talking; unusual hoarseness; or swelling of the mouth, face, lips, tongue, or throat.
Note: This is not a comprehensive list of all side effects. Talk to your doctor if you have questions.
Consumer Information Use and Disclaimer: This information should not be used to decide whether or not to take this medicine or any other medicine. Only the healthcare provider has the knowledge and training to decide which medicines are right for a specific patient. This information does not endorse any medicine as safe, effective, or approved for treating any patient or health condition. This is only a limited summary of general information about the medicine's uses from the patient education leaflet and is not intended to be comprehensive. This limited summary does NOT include all information available about the possible uses, directions, warnings, precautions, interactions, adverse effects, or risks that may apply to this medicine. This information is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment and does not replace information you receive from the healthcare provider. For a more detailed summary of information about the risks and benefits of using this medicine, please speak with your healthcare provider and review the entire patient education leaflet.
Medication Safety Issues
Sound-alike/look-alike issues:
Geriatric Patients: High-Risk Medication:
Medication Guide and/or Vaccine Information Statement (VIS)
An FDA-approved patient medication guide, which is available with the product information and as follows, must be dispensed with this medication:
Cymbalta: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2020/021427s052lbl.pdf#page=38
Drizalma Sprinkle: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2020/212516s001lbl.pdf#page=49
Contraindications
Use of monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors intended to treat psychiatric disorders (concurrently or within 14 days of discontinuing the MAO inhibitor); initiation of MAO inhibitor intended to treat psychiatric disorders within 5 days of discontinuing duloxetine; initiation of duloxetine in a patient receiving linezolid or intravenous methylene blue.
Canadian labeling: Additional contraindications (not in US labeling): Hypersensitivity to duloxetine or any component of the formulation; hepatic impairment; severe renal impairment (eg, CrCl <30 mL/minute) or end-stage renal disease (ESRD); uncontrolled narrow-angle glaucoma; concomitant use with thioridazine or with potent CYP1A2 inhibitors.
Warnings/Precautions
Major psychiatric warnings:
• Suicidal thinking/behavior: [US Boxed Warning]: Antidepressants increase the risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults (18 to 24 years of age) with major depressive disorder (MDD) and other psychiatric disorders; consider risk prior to prescribing. Short-term studies did not show an increased risk in patients >24 years of age and showed a decreased risk in patients ≥65 years of age. Closely monitor for clinical worsening, suicidality, or unusual changes in behavior, particularly during the initial 1 to 2 months of therapy or during periods of dosage adjustments (increases or decreases); the patient's family or caregiver should be instructed to closely observe the patient and communicate condition with health care provider. A medication guide concerning the use of antidepressants in children and teenagers should be dispensed with each prescription.
• The possibility of a suicide attempt is inherent in major depression and may persist until remission occurs. Worsening depression and severe abrupt suicidality that are not part of the presenting symptoms may require discontinuation or modification of drug therapy. Use caution in high-risk patients during initiation of therapy.
• Prescriptions should be written for the smallest quantity consistent with good patient care. The patient's family or caregiver should be alerted to monitor patients for the emergence of suicidality and associated behaviors, such as anxiety, agitation, panic attacks, insomnia, irritability, hostility, impulsivity, akathisia, hypomania, and mania; patients should be instructed to notify their health care provider if any of these symptoms or worsening depression occurs.
Concerns related to adverse effects:
• Bleeding risk: May impair platelet aggregation resulting in increased risk of bleeding events, particularly if used concomitantly with aspirin or NSAIDs due to ulcerogenic potential. Bleeding related to SNRI use has been reported to range from relatively minor bruising and epistaxis to life-threatening hemorrhage.
• CNS depression: Has a low potential to impair cognitive or motor performance; caution operating hazardous machinery or driving.
• Dermatologic: Severe skin reactions (including Stevens-Johnson syndrome and erythema multiforme) have been reported; discontinue immediately if blisters, peeling rash, mucosal erosions, or any other signs of hypersensitivity reactions are suspected.
• Fractures: Bone fractures have been associated with antidepressant treatment. Consider the possibility of a fragility fracture if an antidepressant-treated patient presents with unexplained bone pain, point tenderness, swelling, or bruising (Rabenda 2013; Rizzoli 2012).
• Hepatotoxicity: Avoid use in patients with substantial alcohol intake, evidence of liver disease or hepatic impairment. Rare cases of hepatic failure (including fatalities) have been reported with use. Hepatitis with abdominal pain, hepatomegaly, elevated transaminase levels >20 times ULN with and without jaundice have all been observed. Discontinue therapy with the presentation of jaundice or other signs of hepatic dysfunction and do not reinitiate therapy unless another source or cause is identified.
• Hyperglycemia: Modest increases in serum glucose and HbA1c levels have been observed in some diabetic patients receiving duloxetine for diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain (DPNP).
• Ocular effects: May cause mild pupillary dilation which in susceptible individuals can lead to an episode of narrow-angle glaucoma. Consider evaluating patients who have not had an iridectomy for narrow-angle glaucoma risk factors.
• Orthostatic hypotension/syncope: May cause orthostatic hypotension/syncope, especially within the first week of therapy and after dose increases. Carefully monitor blood pressure with initiation of therapy, dose increases (especially in patients receiving >60 mg/day), or when using concomitant vasodilators or CYP1A2 inhibitors. Consider dose reduction or discontinuation of duloxetine if orthostatic hypotension or syncope occurs.
• Serotonin syndrome (SS) reactions: Potentially life-threatening serotonin syndrome (SS) has occurred with serotonergic agents (eg, SSRIs, SNRIs), particularly when used in combination with other serotonergic agents (eg, triptans, tricyclic antidepressants, fentanyl, lithium, tramadol, tryptophan, buspirone, and St John's wort) or drugs that impair serotonin metabolism (eg, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, specifically linezolid, methylene blue, and others used for psychiatric disorders). Monitor patients closely for signs/symptoms of SS, which may include mental status changes (eg, agitation, hallucinations, delirium), seizures, autonomic instability (eg, tachycardia, dizziness, diaphoresis), neuromuscular symptoms (eg, tremor, rigidity, myoclonus), or GI symptoms (eg, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea). Discontinue treatment (and any concomitant serotonergic agents) immediately if signs/symptoms arise.
• Sexual dysfunction: May cause or exacerbate sexual dysfunction.
• SIADH and hyponatremia: SSRIs and SNRIs have been associated with the development of SIADH; hyponatremia has been reported rarely (including severe cases with serum sodium <110 mmol/L), predominately in the elderly. Volume depletion and/or concurrent use of diuretics likely increases risk.
• Urinary hesitancy: May cause increased urinary resistance; advise patient to report symptoms of urinary hesitation/difficulty.
Disease-related concerns:
• Cardiovascular disease: Use caution in patients with cardiovascular conditions or cerebrovascular disease.
• Gastroparesis: Use caution in patients with impaired gastric motility (eg, some diabetics); may affect stability of the capsule's enteric coating.
• Hepatic impairment: Avoid use in patients with chronic liver disease or cirrhosis; clearance is decreased and half-life and plasma concentrations are increased.
• Hypertension: Use caution in patients with hypertension; preexisting hypertension should be treated prior to initiating therapy. Although no statistically significant differences in the frequency of sustained elevations of BP were observed in clinical trials when compared with placebo, modest increases in BP have been reported with use. Additionally, rare cases of hypertensive crisis have been reported; BP should be evaluated prior to initiating therapy and periodically thereafter; consider dose reduction or gradual discontinuation of therapy in individuals with sustained hypertension during therapy.
• Mania/hypomania: May precipitate a shift to mania or hypomania in patients with bipolar disorder. Monotherapy in patients with bipolar disorder should be avoided. Combination therapy with an antidepressant and a mood stabilizer may be effective for acute treatment of bipolar major depressive episodes, but should be avoided in acute mania or mixed episodes, as well as maintenance treatment in bipolar disorder due to the mood-destabilizing effects of antidepressants (CANMAT [Yatham 2018]; WFSBP [Grunze 2018]). Patients presenting with depressive symptoms should be screened for bipolar disorder. Duloxetine is not FDA approved for the treatment of bipolar depression.
• Renal impairment: Use with caution; clearance is decreased and plasma concentrations are increased; dose reduction may be required.
• Seizure disorders: Use caution in patients with a previous seizure disorder or condition predisposing to seizures, such as brain damage or alcohol use disorder (Montgomery 2005).
Special populations:
• Fall risk: Falls with serious consequences, including bone fractures and hospitalization, have been reported in patients receiving therapeutic doses of duloxetine. The risk of falling appears related to the degree of orthostatic decrease in BP. Risks may also be greater in elderly patients, patients taking concomitant medications that induce orthostatic hypotension or are potent CYP1A2 inhibitors, and in patients taking doses >60 mg/day. Consider dose reduction or discontinuation of duloxetine if falls occur.
• Sucrose intolerance: Some formulations may contain sucrose; patients with fructose intolerance, glucose-galactose malabsorption, or sucrase-isomaltase deficiency should avoid use.
Other warnings/precautions:
• Discontinuation syndrome: Abrupt discontinuation or interruption of antidepressant therapy has been associated with a discontinuation syndrome. Symptoms arising may vary with antidepressant; however, they commonly include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, lightheadedness, dizziness, diminished appetite, sweating, chills, tremors, paresthesias, fatigue, somnolence, and sleep disturbances (eg, vivid dreams, insomnia). Less common symptoms include electric shock-like sensations, cardiac arrhythmias (more common with tricyclic antidepressants), myalgias, parkinsonism, arthralgias, and balance difficulties. Psychological symptoms may also emerge such as agitation, anxiety, akathisia, panic attacks, irritability, aggressiveness, worsening of mood, dysphoria, mood lability, hyperactivity, mania/hypomania, depersonalization, decreased concentration, slowed thinking, confusion, and memory or concentration difficulties. Greater risks for developing a discontinuation syndrome have been associated with antidepressants with shorter half-lives, longer durations of treatment, and abrupt discontinuation. For antidepressants of short or intermediate half-lives, symptoms may emerge within 2 to 5 days after treatment discontinuation and last 7 to 14 days (APA 2010; Fava 2006; Haddad 2001; Shelton 2001; Warner 2006).
Geriatric Considerations
In an 8-week study of elderly patients with a history of recurrent major depressive disorder, improvements in verbal learning and memory, and depression response and remission rates were significantly greater in subjects randomized to duloxetine 60 mg per day compared to placebo. Duloxetine was well tolerated by older patients in clinical trials who accounted for nearly one-third of subjects. Response rate did not differ between younger and older subjects. No dose adjustment is necessary for age alone; adjust dose for renal function. Higher doses are generally required for treatment of general anxiety disorder, neuropathic pain and stress urinary incontinence (off-label use).
A systematic review and meta-analysis of antidepressant placebo-controlled trials in persons with depression and dementia found evidence "suggestive" of efficacy but not of sufficient strength to "confirm" efficacy (Nelson 2011). Older patients with depression being treated with an antidepressant should be closely monitored for response and adverse effects.
Reproductive Considerations
If treatment for major depressive disorder is initiated for the first time in females planning a pregnancy, agents other than duloxetine are preferred (Larsen 2015).
Pregnancy Considerations
Duloxetine crosses the placenta (Boyce 2011; Briggs 2009; Collin-Lévesque 2018).
Nonteratogenic adverse events have been observed with venlafaxine or other SNRIs/SSRIs when used during pregnancy. Cyanosis, apnea, respiratory distress, seizures, temperature instability, feeding difficulty, vomiting, hypoglycemia, hypo- or hypertonia, hyper-reflexia, jitteriness, irritability, constant crying, and tremor have been reported in the neonate immediately following delivery after exposure to venlafaxine, SSRIs, or other SNRIs late in the third trimester. Prolonged hospitalization, respiratory support, or tube feedings may be required. Some symptoms may be due to the toxicity of the SNRIs/SSRIs or a discontinuation syndrome and may be consistent with serotonin syndrome associated with treatment.
Duloxetine may impair platelet aggregation, resulting in an increased risk of bleeding; the risk of postpartum hemorrhage may be increased when used within the month prior to delivery.
Untreated or inadequately treated mental illness may lead to poor compliance with prenatal care. The ACOG recommends that therapy with SSRIs or SNRIs during pregnancy be individualized. Use of a single agent is preferred. According to their recommendations, treatment of depression during pregnancy should incorporate the clinical expertise of the mental health clinician, obstetrician, primary care provider, and pediatrician (ACOG 2008). If treatment for major depressive disorder is initiated for the first time during pregnancy, agents other than duloxetine are preferred (Larsen 2015; MacQueen 2016).
Untreated fibromyalgia may be associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, including placental abruption, venous thrombosis, premature rupture of membranes, preterm birth, and intrauterine growth restriction/small for gestational age. It is not known if these outcomes are due specifically to fibromyalgia or comorbid conditions. Due to limited data, use of duloxetine for the treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) in pregnancy should be reserved for women with severe forms of FMS complicated by depressive symptoms which worsen during pregnancy. Close monitoring is recommended (Gentile 2019).
Health care providers are encouraged to enroll women exposed to duloxetine during pregnancy in the Cymbalta Pregnancy Registry (866-814-6975 or http://cymbaltapregnancyregistry.com).
Pregnant women exposed to antidepressants during pregnancy are encouraged to enroll in the National Pregnancy Registry for Antidepressants (NPRAD). Women 18 to 45 years of age or their health care providers may contact the registry by calling 844-405-6185. Enrollment should be done as early in pregnancy as possible.
Breast-Feeding Considerations
Duloxetine is present in breast milk.
The relative infant dose (RID) of duloxetine is 2.3% when calculated using the highest breast milk concentration located and compared to a weight-adjusted maternal dose of 60 mg/day.
In general, breastfeeding is considered acceptable when the RID is <10% (Anderson 2016; Ito 2000). However, some sources note breastfeeding should only be considered if the RID is <5% for psychotropic agents (Larsen 2015).
The RID of duloxetine was calculated using a milk concentration of ~120 mcg/L, providing an estimated daily infant dose via breast milk of 0.02 mg/kg/day. This milk concentration was obtained following maternal administration of duloxetine 60 mg/day (Briggs 2009). Duloxetine has also been detected in the serum of a breastfeeding infant (Boyce 2011).
Information related to the use of duloxetine in breastfeeding women is limited. Infants of mothers using psychotropic medications should be monitored daily for changes in sleep, feeding patterns, and behavior (Bauer 2013) as well as infant growth and neurodevelopment (Sachs 2013; Sriraman 2015).
According to the manufacturer, the decision to breastfeed during therapy should consider the risk of infant exposure, the benefits of breastfeeding to the infant, and benefits of treatment to the mother. When first initiating an antidepressant in a breastfeeding woman, agents other than duloxetine are preferred. Women successfully treated with duloxetine during pregnancy may continue use while breastfeeding if there are no other contraindications (Berle 2011).
Lexicomp Pregnancy & Lactation, In-Depth
Briggs' Drugs in Pregnancy & Lactation
Adverse Reactions
>10%:
Endocrine & metabolic: Weight loss (children and adolescents: 14% to 15%; adults: ≥1%)
Gastrointestinal: Abdominal pain (children and adolescents: 13%; adults: 5%), decreased appetite (6% to 15%; dose related), nausea (18% to 25%; dose related), vomiting (children and adolescents: 9% to 15%; adults: 3% to 4%), xerostomia (adults: 11% to 14%, dose related; children and adolescents: 2%)
Nervous system: Drowsiness (9% to 11%; dose related), fatigue (5% to 11%; dose related), headache (13% to 18%)
1% to 10%:
Cardiovascular: Flushing (3%), increased blood pressure (2%), palpitations (2%)
Dermatologic: Diaphoresis (6%), pruritus (≥1%)
Endocrine & metabolic: Decreased libido (3% [placebo: 1%]), hot flash (≥1%), orgasm abnormal (2% [placebo: <1%]), weight gain (≥1%)
Gastrointestinal: Constipation (9% to 10%; dose related), diarrhea (6% to 9%), dysgeusia (≥1%), dyspepsia (2%), flatulence (≥1%), viral gastroenteritis (adolescents: 5%)
Genitourinary: Ejaculatory disorder (2%), erectile dysfunction (4% [placebo: 1%]), urinary frequency (≥1%)
Hepatic: Increased serum alanine aminotransferase (>3 x ULN: 1%)
Nervous system: Abnormal dreams (≥1%), agitation (3% to 4%), anorgasmia (≥1%), anxiety (3%), chills (≥1%), delayed ejaculation (2% [placebo: 1%]; dose related), dizziness (8% to 9%), hypoesthesia (≥1%), insomnia (7% to 10%), lethargy (≥1%), paresthesia (≥1%), rigors (≥1%), sleep disorder (≥1%), vertigo (≥1%), yawning (2%)
Neuromuscular & skeletal: Musculoskeletal pain (≥1%), tremor (2% to 3%)
Ophthalmic: Blurred vision (3%)
Respiratory: Cough (children and adolescents: 3%), nasopharyngitis (adolescents: 9%), oropharyngeal pain (children and adolescents: 4%; adults: ≥1%), upper respiratory tract infection (adolescents: 7%)
<1%:
Cardiovascular: Acute myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy (Takotsubo), cold extremity, orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia
Dermatologic: Contact dermatitis, ecchymoses, erythema of skin, night sweats, skin photosensitivity
Endocrine & metabolic: Dehydration, dyslipidemia, hyperlipidemia, hypothyroidism, increased serum cholesterol, increased thirst, menstrual disease
Gastrointestinal: Bruxism, dysphagia, eructation, gastric ulcer, gastritis, gastroenteritis, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, halitosis, stomatitis
Genitourinary: Dysuria, malodorous urine, menopausal symptoms, nocturia, sexual disorder, urinary urgency
Hematologic & oncologic: Nonthrombocytopenic purpura
Nervous system: Abnormal gait, apathy, confusion, disorientation, disturbance in attention, dysarthria, falling, feeling abnormal, irritability, malaise, myoclonus, sensation of cold, suicidal tendencies
Neuromuscular & skeletal: Asthenia, dyskinesia, muscle spasm, muscle twitching
Ophthalmic: Diplopia, dry eye syndrome, visual impairment
Otic: Otalgia, tinnitus
Renal: Polyuria
Respiratory: Laryngitis, pharyngeal edema
Frequency not defined:
Endocrine & metabolic: Decreased serum potassium, increased serum bicarbonate, increased serum potassium
Hepatic: Increased serum alkaline phosphatase, increased serum aspartate aminotransferase
Nervous system: Suicidal ideation (Parikh 2008)
Neuromuscular & skeletal: Bone fracture, increased creatinine phosphokinase in blood specimen
Postmarketing:
Cardiovascular: Cerebrovascular accident (Leong 2017), hypersensitivity angiitis, hypertensive crisis, supraventricular cardiac arrhythmia, syncope
Dermatologic: Erythema multiforme, skin rash, Stevens-Johnson syndrome (Strawn 2011), urticaria
Endocrine & metabolic: Galactorrhea not associated with childbirth, hyperglycemia, hyperprolactinemia, hyponatremia (Hu 2018), SIADH (Mori 2014)
Gastrointestinal: Acute pancreatitis, colitis, gingival hemorrhage (Balhara 2007; Gicquel 2017)
Genitourinary: Gynecological bleeding, postpartum hemorrhage (Huybrechts 2020), priapism (Wilkening 2016), urinary retention
Hepatic: Acute hepatic failure (Hanje 2006), cholestatic hepatitis (Vuppalanchi 2010), cholestatic jaundice (Park 2010), hepatic necrosis (LiverTox NIH 2018), hepatitis (LiverTox NIH 2018), hepatocellular hepatitis (Vuppalanchi 2010), hepatotoxicity (Park 2013), increased serum transaminases (Kang 2011)
Hypersensitivity: Anaphylaxis, angioedema, hypersensitivity reaction
Nervous system: Aggressive behavior (particularly early in treatment or after treatment discontinuation), extrapyramidal reaction, hypomania (Peritogiannis 2008), mania (Dunner 2005), outbursts of anger (particularly early in treatment or after treatment discontinuation), restless leg syndrome, seizure (with treatment discontinuation), serotonin syndrome (Gelener 2011), sleep disorder (rapid eye movement) (Tan 2017), trismus, withdrawal syndrome (Perahia 2005)
Ophthalmic: Acute angle-closure glaucoma (Mahmut 2017), cataract (Erie 2014)
Renal: Renal colic (Wilkening 2017)
Allergy and Idiosyncratic Reactions
Toxicology
Metabolism/Transport Effects
Substrate of CYP1A2 (major), CYP2D6 (major); Note: Assignment of Major/Minor substrate status based on clinically relevant drug interaction potential; Inhibits CYP2D6 (moderate)
Drug Interactions Open Interactions
Abametapir: May increase the serum concentration of CYP1A2 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Risk X: Avoid combination
Acalabrutinib: May enhance the antiplatelet effect of Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Agents with Antiplatelet Properties (e.g., P2Y12 inhibitors, NSAIDs, SSRIs, etc.): May enhance the antiplatelet effect of other Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Ajmaline: May increase the serum concentration of CYP2D6 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Ajmaline: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may increase the serum concentration of Ajmaline. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Alcohol (Ethyl): May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors. Specifically, risks of psychomotor impairment may be enhanced. Alcohol (Ethyl) may enhance the hepatotoxic effect of Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors. Particularly duloxetine and milnacipran. Management: Patients receiving serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) should be advised to avoid alcohol. Monitor for increased psychomotor impairment and hepatotoxicity in patients who consume alcohol during treatment with SNRIs. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Almotriptan: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Alosetron: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Alpha-/Beta-Agonists: Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors may enhance the tachycardic effect of Alpha-/Beta-Agonists. Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors may enhance the vasopressor effect of Alpha-/Beta-Agonists. Management: If possible, avoid coadministration of direct-acting alpha-/beta-agonists and serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. If coadministered, monitor for increased sympathomimetic effects (eg, increased blood pressure, chest pain, headache). Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Alpha2-Agonists: Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors may diminish the antihypertensive effect of Alpha2-Agonists. Exceptions: Apraclonidine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Amphetamines: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may increase the serum concentration of Amphetamines. Management: Monitor for amphetamine toxicities (including serotonin syndrome) if used with a moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor. Initiate amphetamine therapy at lower doses, monitor frequently, and adjust doses as needed. Discontinue amphetamines if serotoinin syndrome occurs Risk C: Monitor therapy
Amphetamines: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability). Initiate amphetamines at lower doses, monitor frequently, and adjust doses as needed. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Anticoagulants: Agents with Antiplatelet Properties may enhance the anticoagulant effect of Anticoagulants. Exceptions: Bemiparin; Enoxaparin; Heparin. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Antiemetics (5HT3 Antagonists): May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Exceptions: Alosetron; Ondansetron; Ramosetron. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Antipsychotic Agents: Serotonergic Agents (High Risk) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Antipsychotic Agents. Specifically, serotonergic agents may enhance dopamine blockade, possibly increasing the risk for neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Antipsychotic Agents may enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Apixaban: Agents with Antiplatelet Properties may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Apixaban. Specifically, the risk for bleeding may be increased. Management: Carefully consider risks and benefits of this combination and monitor closely. Risk C: Monitor therapy
ARIPiprazole: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may increase the serum concentration of ARIPiprazole. Management: Monitor for increased aripiprazole pharmacologic effects. Aripiprazole dose adjustments may or may not be required based on concomitant therapy, indication, or dosage form. Consult full interaction monograph for specific recommendations. Risk C: Monitor therapy
ARIPiprazole Lauroxil: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may increase serum concentrations of the active metabolite(s) of ARIPiprazole Lauroxil. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Aspirin: Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors may enhance the antiplatelet effect of Aspirin. Risk C: Monitor therapy
AtoMOXetine: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may increase the serum concentration of AtoMOXetine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Bemiparin: Agents with Antiplatelet Properties may enhance the anticoagulant effect of Bemiparin. Management: Avoid concomitant use of bemiparin with antiplatelet agents. If concomitant use is unavoidable, monitor closely for signs and symptoms of bleeding. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Blood Pressure Lowering Agents: May enhance the hypotensive effect of DULoxetine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Brexanolone: Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Brexanolone. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Brexpiprazole: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may increase the serum concentration of Brexpiprazole. Management: If brexpiprazole is to be used together with both a moderate CYP2D6 inhibitor and a strong or moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor, the brexpiprazole dose should be reduced to 25% of the usual dose when treating indications other than major depressive disorder. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Broccoli: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP1A2 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Bromopride: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors. Risk X: Avoid combination
BusPIRone: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Cannabis: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP1A2 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Carvedilol: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may increase the serum concentration of Carvedilol. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Cephalothin: Agents with Antiplatelet Properties may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Cephalothin. Specifically, the risk for bleeding may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
CloZAPine: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may increase the serum concentration of CloZAPine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Cobicistat: May increase the serum concentration of CYP2D6 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Codeine: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Codeine. These CYP2D6 inhibitors may prevent the metabolic conversion of codeine to its active metabolite morphine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Collagenase (Systemic): Agents with Antiplatelet Properties may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Collagenase (Systemic). Specifically, the risk of injection site bruising and/or bleeding may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Cyclobenzaprine: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy
CYP1A2 Inducers (Moderate): May decrease the serum concentration of DULoxetine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
CYP1A2 Inhibitors (Moderate): May increase the serum concentration of DULoxetine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Strong): May increase the serum concentration of DULoxetine. Exceptions: FLUoxetine; PARoxetine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Dabigatran Etexilate: Agents with Antiplatelet Properties may enhance the anticoagulant effect of Dabigatran Etexilate. Agents with Antiplatelet Properties may increase the serum concentration of Dabigatran Etexilate. This mechanism applies specifically to clopidogrel. Management: Carefully consider risks and benefits of this combination and monitor closely; Canadian labeling recommends avoiding prasugrel or ticagrelor. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Dapoxetine: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Do not use serotonergic agents (high risk) with dapoxetine or within 7 days of serotonergic agent discontinuation. Do not use dapoxetine within 14 days of monoamine oxidase inhibitor use. Dapoxetine labeling lists this combination as contraindicated. Risk X: Avoid combination
Dasatinib: May enhance the anticoagulant effect of Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Management: Drugs listed as exceptions to this monograph are discussed in further detail in separate drug interaction monographs. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Deoxycholic Acid: Agents with Antiplatelet Properties may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Deoxycholic Acid. Specifically, the risk for bleeding or bruising in the treatment area may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Deutetrabenazine: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may increase serum concentrations of the active metabolite(s) of Deutetrabenazine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Dexmethylphenidate-Methylphenidate: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Dextromethorphan: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy
DOXOrubicin (Conventional): CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may increase the serum concentration of DOXOrubicin (Conventional). Risk X: Avoid combination
Edoxaban: Agents with Antiplatelet Properties may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Edoxaban. Specifically, the risk of bleeding may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Eletriptan: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Eliglustat: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may increase the serum concentration of Eliglustat. Management: Eliglustat dose is 84 mg daily with CYP2D6 inhibitors. Use is contraindicated (COI) when also combined with strong CYP3A4 inhibitors. When also combined with a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor, use is COI in CYP2D6 EMs or IMs and should be avoided in CYP2D6 PMs. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Enoxaparin: Agents with Antiplatelet Properties may enhance the anticoagulant effect of Enoxaparin. Management: Discontinue antiplatelet agents prior to initiating enoxaparin whenever possible. If concomitant administration is unavoidable, monitor closely for signs and symptoms of bleeding. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Ergot Derivatives: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Exceptions: Lisuride; Nicergoline. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Fat Emulsion (Fish Oil Based): May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Fenfluramine: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Risk C: Monitor therapy
FentaNYL: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) if these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Flecainide: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may increase the serum concentration of Flecainide. Risk C: Monitor therapy
FluvoxaMINE: DULoxetine may enhance the antiplatelet effect of FluvoxaMINE. DULoxetine may enhance the serotonergic effect of FluvoxaMINE. This could result in serotonin syndrome. FluvoxaMINE may increase the serum concentration of DULoxetine. Risk X: Avoid combination
Glucosamine: May enhance the antiplatelet effect of Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Haloperidol: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may increase the serum concentration of Haloperidol. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Heparin: Agents with Antiplatelet Properties may enhance the anticoagulant effect of Heparin. Management: Decrease the dose of heparin or agents with antiplatelet properties if coadministration is required. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Herbs (Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Properties) (eg, Alfalfa, Anise, Bilberry): May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Bleeding may occur. Management: Avoid combination when possible. If used, monitor more closely for evidence of bleeding. Discontinue herbal products with anticoagulant or antiplatelet actions 2 weeks prior to surgical, dental, or invasive procedures. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Ibritumomab Tiuxetan: Agents with Antiplatelet Properties may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Ibritumomab Tiuxetan. Both agents may contribute to impaired platelet function and an increased risk of bleeding. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Ibrutinib: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Icosapent Ethyl: May enhance the antiplatelet effect of Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Iloperidone: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may decrease serum concentrations of the active metabolite(s) of Iloperidone. Specifically, concentrations of the metabolite P95 may be decreased. CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may increase serum concentrations of the active metabolite(s) of Iloperidone. Specifically, concentrations of the metabolite P88 may be increased. CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may increase the serum concentration of Iloperidone. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Indoramin: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may increase the serum concentration of Indoramin. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Inotersen: May enhance the antiplatelet effect of Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Iobenguane Radiopharmaceutical Products: Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors may diminish the therapeutic effect of Iobenguane Radiopharmaceutical Products. Management: Discontinue all drugs that may inhibit or interfere with catecholamine transport or uptake for at least 5 biological half-lives before iobenguane administration. Do not administer these drugs until at least 7 days after each iobenguane dose. Risk X: Avoid combination
Ioflupane I 123: Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors may diminish the diagnostic effect of Ioflupane I 123. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Lasmiditan: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Levomethadone: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Limaprost: May enhance the antiplatelet effect of Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Linezolid: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Risk X: Avoid combination
Lorcaserin (Withdrawn From US Market): May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Lumefantrine: May increase the serum concentration of CYP2D6 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Meperidine: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) if these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Mequitazine: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may increase the serum concentration of Mequitazine. Risk X: Avoid combination
Metaxalone: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Methadone: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Methylene Blue: Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors may enhance the serotonergic effect of Methylene Blue. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Risk X: Avoid combination
Metoclopramide: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may increase the serum concentration of Metoclopramide. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Metoprolol: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may increase the serum concentration of Metoprolol. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Mirtazapine: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (Antidepressant): May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Risk X: Avoid combination
Multivitamins/Fluoride (with ADE): May enhance the antiplatelet effect of Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Multivitamins/Minerals (with ADEK, Folate, Iron): May enhance the antiplatelet effect of Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Multivitamins/Minerals (with AE, No Iron): May enhance the antiplatelet effect of Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Nebivolol: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may increase the serum concentration of Nebivolol. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Nefazodone: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents (Nonselective): Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors may enhance the antiplatelet effect of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents (Nonselective). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents (Topical): Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors may enhance the antiplatelet effect of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents (Topical). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Obinutuzumab: Agents with Antiplatelet Properties may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Obinutuzumab. Specifically, the risk of serious bleeding-related events may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Oliceridine: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may increase the serum concentration of Oliceridine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Olmutinib: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may increase the serum concentration of Olmutinib. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Omega-3 Fatty Acids: May enhance the antiplatelet effect of Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Ondansetron: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Opioid Agonists: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Exceptions: Alfentanil; Benzhydrocodone; Buprenorphine; Butorphanol; Codeine; Dihydrocodeine; FentaNYL; HYDROcodone; Levomethadone; Meperidine; Methadone; Oliceridine; OxyCODONE; SUFentanil; TraMADol. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Opioid Agonists (metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6): May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Opioid Agonists (metabolized by CYP3A4): May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Exceptions: Levomethadone; Methadone. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Oxitriptan: Serotonergic Agents (High Risk) may enhance the serotonergic effect of Oxitriptan. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Ozanimod: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). Management: Concomitant use of ozanimod with serotonergic agents is not recommended. If combined, monitor patients closely for the development of hypertension, including hypertensive crises. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Peginterferon Alfa-2b: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP2D6 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Peginterferon Alfa-2b may increase the serum concentration of CYP2D6 Substrates (High risk with Inhibitors). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Specifically, the risk of bleeding may be increased by concurrent use of these agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Pentoxifylline: May enhance the antiplatelet effect of Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Perhexiline: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may increase the serum concentration of Perhexiline. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Perphenazine: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may increase the serum concentration of Perphenazine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Pimozide: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may increase the serum concentration of Pimozide. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Pitolisant: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may increase the serum concentration of Pitolisant. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Propafenone: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may increase the serum concentration of Propafenone. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Propranolol: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may increase the serum concentration of Propranolol. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Prostacyclin Analogues: May enhance the antiplatelet effect of Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Ramosetron: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Rasagiline: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Risk X: Avoid combination
RisperiDONE: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may increase the serum concentration of RisperiDONE. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Rivaroxaban: Agents with Antiplatelet Properties may enhance the anticoagulant effect of Rivaroxaban. Management: Carefully consider risks and benefits of this combination and monitor closely; Canadian labeling recommends avoiding prasugrel or ticagrelor. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Safinamide: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Risk X: Avoid combination
Salicylates: Agents with Antiplatelet Properties may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Salicylates. Increased risk of bleeding may result. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: May enhance the antiplatelet effect of DULoxetine. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors may enhance the serotonergic effect of DULoxetine. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. In addition, monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding. Exceptions: Dapoxetine; FLUoxetine; FluvoxaMINE; PARoxetine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (Strong CYP2D6 Inhibitors): DULoxetine may enhance the antiplatelet effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (Strong CYP2D6 Inhibitors). DULoxetine may enhance the serotonergic effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (Strong CYP2D6 Inhibitors). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (Strong CYP2D6 Inhibitors) may increase the serum concentration of DULoxetine. Management: Monitor for increased duloxetine effects/toxicities and signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperthermia, tremor, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. In addition, monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Selegiline: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Risk X: Avoid combination
Selumetinib: May enhance the antiplatelet effect of Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Serotonergic Agents (High Risk, Miscellaneous): Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors may enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk, Miscellaneous). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Serotonin 5-HT1D Receptor Agonists (Triptans): May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Exceptions: Almotriptan; Eletriptan. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors: May enhance the antiplatelet effect of other Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors. Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors may enhance the serotonergic effect of other Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. In addition, monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding. Risk C: Monitor therapy
St John's Wort: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. St John's Wort may decrease the serum concentration of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Syrian Rue: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Tamoxifen: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may decrease serum concentrations of the active metabolite(s) of Tamoxifen. Specifically, CYP2D6 inhibitors may decrease the metabolic formation of highly potent active metabolites. Management: Consider alternatives to the use of moderate CYP2D6 inhibitors with tamoxifen when possible, as the combination may be associated with reduced clinical effectiveness of tamoxifen. Risk D: Consider therapy modification
Tamsulosin: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may increase the serum concentration of Tamsulosin. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Tetrabenazine: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may increase the serum concentration of Tetrabenazine. Specifically, concentrations of the active alpha- and beta-dihydrotetrabenazine metabolites may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Thioridazine: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may increase the serum concentration of Thioridazine. Risk X: Avoid combination
Thrombolytic Agents: Agents with Antiplatelet Properties may enhance the anticoagulant effect of Thrombolytic Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Timolol (Systemic): CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may increase the serum concentration of Timolol (Systemic). Risk C: Monitor therapy
Tipranavir: May enhance the antiplatelet effect of Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Tobacco (Smoked): May decrease the serum concentration of DULoxetine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
TraMADol: DULoxetine may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of TraMADol. The risk for serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity and seizures may be increased with this combination. DULoxetine may diminish the therapeutic effect of TraMADol. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes), reduced tramadol effectiveness and seizures if these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy
TraZODone: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Tricyclic Antidepressants: DULoxetine may enhance the serotonergic effect of Tricyclic Antidepressants. This could result in serotonin syndrome. DULoxetine may increase the serum concentration of Tricyclic Antidepressants. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) and increased TCA concentrations and effects if these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Urokinase: Agents with Antiplatelet Properties may enhance the anticoagulant effect of Urokinase. Risk X: Avoid combination
Valbenazine: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may increase serum concentrations of the active metabolite(s) of Valbenazine. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Vitamin E (Systemic): May enhance the antiplatelet effect of Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Zanubrutinib: May enhance the antiplatelet effect of Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Zuclopenthixol: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Moderate) may increase the serum concentration of Zuclopenthixol. Risk C: Monitor therapy
Genes of Interest
Monitoring Parameters
Blood pressure (baseline, then periodically, especially in patients with high baseline blood pressure); liver and renal function tests (baseline; as clinically indicated); suicidal ideation (baseline and with dose changes); serum sodium in at-risk populations (as clinically indicated); blood glucose and HbA1c in diabetic patients (baseline and as clinically indicated)
Advanced Practitioners Physical Assessment/Monitoring
Assess renal function and liver function prior to use; avoid use in severe impairment. Monitor blood pressure (can cause elevation or orthostatic hypotension) at the beginning of treatment and periodically throughout. Monitor for worsening of depression and suicide ideation. Monitor pain levels for response. Taper dosage slowly when discontinuing. Do not discontinue abruptly.
Nursing Physical Assessment/Monitoring
Monitor blood pressure (can cause elevation or orthostatic hypotension) at the beginning of treatment and periodically throughout. Monitor for worsening of pain, depression, and suicide ideation. Taper dosage slowly when discontinuing. Do not discontinue abruptly. Educate patients to report any skin rash or irritation and to avoid alcohol.
Dosage Forms: US
Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.
Capsule Delayed Release Particles, Oral:
Cymbalta: 20 mg, 30 mg, 60 mg [contains fd&c blue #2 (indigotine)]
Generic: 20 mg, 30 mg, 40 mg, 60 mg
Capsule Delayed Release Sprinkle, Oral:
Drizalma Sprinkle: 20 mg [contains brilliant blue fcf (fd&c blue #1), fd&c red #40, fd&c yellow #10 (quinoline yellow)]
Drizalma Sprinkle: 30 mg [contains brilliant blue fcf (fd&c blue #1), fd&c red #40]
Drizalma Sprinkle: 40 mg
Drizalma Sprinkle: 60 mg [contains brilliant blue fcf (fd&c blue #1), fd&c red #40, fd&c yellow #10 (quinoline yellow)]
Dosage Forms: Canada
Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.
Capsule Delayed Release Particles, Oral:
Cymbalta: 30 mg, 60 mg [contains fd&c blue #2 (indigotine)]
Generic: 30 mg, 60 mg
Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification
- N06AX21
Generic Available (US)
May be product dependent
Pricing: US
Capsule Delayed Release Sprinkle (Drizalma Sprinkle Oral)
20 mg (per each): $7.02
30 mg (per each): $7.02
40 mg (per each): $7.02
60 mg (per each): $7.02
Capsule, enteric pellets (Cymbalta Oral)
20 mg (per each): $9.16
30 mg (per each): $10.27
60 mg (per each): $10.27
Capsule, enteric pellets (DULoxetine HCl Oral)
20 mg (per each): $6.22 - $7.00
30 mg (per each): $6.98 - $7.85
40 mg (per each): $7.85
60 mg (per each): $6.98 - $7.85
Disclaimer: A representative AWP (Average Wholesale Price) price or price range is provided as reference price only. A range is provided when more than one manufacturer's AWP price is available and uses the low and high price reported by the manufacturers to determine the range. The pricing data should be used for benchmarking purposes only, and as such should not be used alone to set or adjudicate any prices for reimbursement or purchasing functions or considered to be an exact price for a single product and/or manufacturer. Medi-Span expressly disclaims all warranties of any kind or nature, whether express or implied, and assumes no liability with respect to accuracy of price or price range data published in its solutions. In no event shall Medi-Span be liable for special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages arising from use of price or price range data. Pricing data is updated monthly.
Mechanism of Action
Duloxetine is a potent inhibitor of neuronal serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake and a weak inhibitor of dopamine reuptake. Duloxetine has no significant activity for muscarinic cholinergic, H1-histaminergic, or alpha2-adrenergic receptors. Duloxetine does not possess MAO-inhibitory activity.
Pharmacodynamics/Kinetics
Onset of action:
Anxiety disorders (generalized anxiety disorder): Initial effects may be observed within 2 weeks of treatment, with continued improvements through 4 to 6 weeks (WFSBP [Bandelow 2012]); some experts suggest up to 12 weeks of treatment may be necessary for response (BAP [Baldwin 2014]; Katzman 2014; WFSBP [Bandelow 2012]).
Depression: Initial effects may be observed within 1 to 2 weeks of treatment, with continued improvements through 4 to 6 weeks (Papakostas 2006; Posternak 2005; Szegedi 2009).
Absorption: Well absorbed; food has no effect on Cmax, but decreases AUC by 10%.
Distribution: Vd:
Children ≥7 years and Adolescents: 1,200 L (Lobo 2014).
Adults: ~1,640 L.
Protein binding: >90%; primarily to albumin and alpha1-acid glycoprotein.
Metabolism: Hepatic, via CYP1A2 and CYP2D6; forms multiple metabolites (inactive).
Half-life elimination:
Children ≥7 years and Adolescents: 10.4 hours (Lobo 2014).
Adults: ~12 hours (range: 8 to 22 hours); ~4 hours longer in elderly women.
Time to peak: 5 to 6 hours; food delays by 1.7 to 4 hours.
Excretion: Urine (~70%; <1% of total dose as unchanged drug); feces (~20%).
Pharmacodynamics/Kinetics: Additional Considerations
Renal function impairment: Cmax and AUC were ~100% greater in patients with ESRD receiving intermittent hemodialysis.
Hepatic function impairment: Six patients with cirrhosis and moderate hepatic impairment had a 5-fold higher exposure (AUC) and a 3-fold longer half-life compared to patients with normal hepatic function (Suri 2005).
Geriatric: AUC was ~25% higher in elderly women.
Cigarette smoking: Duloxetine bioavailability is reduced by ~33% in smokers.
Local Anesthetic/Vasoconstrictor Precautions
Although duloxetine is not a tricyclic antidepressant, it does block norepinephrine reuptake within the CNS synapses as part of its mechanism. It has been suggested that vasoconstrictors be administered with caution and to monitor vital signs in dental patients taking antidepressants that affect norepinephrine in this way.
Effects on Dental Treatment
Key adverse event(s) related to dental treatment: Xerostomia and changes in salivation (normal salivary flow resumes upon discontinuation). See Effects on Bleeding.
Effects on Bleeding
Platelet dysfunction (ie, impaired platelet aggregation) may occur during treatment with serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) such as duloxetine due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication. Concurrent NSAID use may increase this risk.
Related Information
- Antidepressant Receptor Profile
- Beers Criteria 2019: Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults ≥65 Years of Age
- Comparison of Antidepressant Adverse Effects
- Oral Medications That Should Not Be Crushed or Altered
- Relative Infant Dose
Index Terms
(+)-(S)-N-Methyl-γ-(1-naphthyloxy)-2-thiophenepropylamine Hydrochloride; Duloxetine HCl; Duloxetine Hydrochloride; LY248686
FDA Approval Date
August 03, 2004
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