Citalopram

Pharmacologic Category

Antidepressant, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor

Dosing: Adult

Note: Maximum daily dose: Due to the risk of QT prolongation, the maximum recommended daily dose for all indications is 40 mg. A lower maximum daily dose of 20 mg is recommended in patients >60 years of age, those with significant hepatic impairment, and patients who are concurrently receiving medications that significantly increase citalopram levels (eg, cimetidine, omeprazole) or known poor metabolizers of CYP2C19 substrates. Initial dose and titration: In patients sensitive to side effects, some experts suggest a lower starting dose of 10 mg daily and gradual titration in increments of no more than 10 mg, particularly in patients with anxiety who are generally more sensitive to overstimulation effects (eg, anxiety, insomnia) with antidepressants (Hirsch 2018c; WFSBP [Bandelow 2012]).

Aggressive or agitated behavior associated with dementia (off-label use): Oral: Initial: 10 mg once daily; increase to 20 mg once daily after ≥3 days. In adults ≤60 years, may further increase dose based on response and tolerability up to 30 mg/day (Pollock 2002; Pollock 2007; Porsteinsson 2014); for adults >60 years, do not exceed the maximum dose of 20 mg/day.

Binge eating disorder (off-label use): Oral: Initial: 20 mg once daily. In adults ≤60 years of age, may gradually increase dose based on response and tolerability at intervals ≥1 week to 40 mg once daily. Although doses up to 60 mg/day have been studied, due to safety considerations the recommended maximum dose is 40 mg/day for adults ≤60 years of age and 20 mg/day for adults >60 years (McElroy 2003).

Generalized anxiety disorder (off-label use): Oral: Initial: 10 mg once daily; may gradually increase dose based on response and tolerability in 10 mg increments at intervals ≥1 week to a maximum dose of 40 mg/day for adults ≤60 years and 20 mg/day for adults >60 years of age (Blank 2006; Varia 2002).

Major depressive disorder (unipolar): Oral: Initial: 20 mg once daily. In adults ≤60 years of age, may gradually increase dose based on response and tolerability at intervals ≥1 week to a maximum dose of 40 mg/day; for adults >60 years of age, do not exceed the maximum dose of 20 mg/day. Daily doses that exceeded these limits have been studied but are not recommended due to safety considerations.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (off-label use): Oral: Initial: 20 mg once daily. In adults ≤60 years of age, may gradually increase dose based on response and tolerability in 10 to 20 mg increments at intervals ≥1 week to a maximum dose of 40 mg/day; for adults >60 years of age, do not exceed the maximum dose of 20 mg/day. Daily doses that exceeded these limits have been studied but are not recommended due to safety considerations (APA [Koran 2007]; Montgomery 2001). Note: An adequate trial for assessment of effect in obsessive-compulsive disorder is considered to be ≥6 weeks at maximum tolerated dose (Issari 2016).

Panic disorder (off-label use): Oral: Initial: 10 mg once daily for 3 to 7 days, then 20 mg once daily. In adults ≤60 years, may gradually increase dose based on response and tolerability in 10 to 20 mg increments at intervals ≥1 week to a maximum of 40 mg/day; for adults >60 years of age, do not exceed the maximum dose of 20 mg/day. Daily doses that exceeded these limits have been studied but are not recommended due to safety considerations (APA 2009b; Leinonen 2000; Perna 2001; Seedat 2003; Stahl 2003; Wade 1997).

Posttraumatic stress disorder (off-label use): Oral: Initial: 20 mg once daily. In adults ≤60 years of age, may gradually increase dose based on response and tolerability in 10 to 20 mg increments at intervals ≥1 week to a maximum dose of 40 mg once daily; for adults >60 years of age, do not exceed the maximum dose of 20 mg/day. Daily doses that exceeded these limits have been studied but are not recommended due to safety considerations (English 2006; Tucker 2003).

Premature ejaculation (off-label use): Oral: Initial: 20 mg once daily. In adults ≤60 years of age, may gradually increase dose based on response and tolerability at intervals of ≥1 week (some experts suggest 3- to 4-week titration intervals [Khera 2020]) up to a maximum of 40 mg/day (Althof 2014; Atmaca 2002a; Safarinejad 2006); for adults >60 years of age, do not exceed the maximum dose of 20 mg/day.

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) (off-label use):

Continuous daily dosing regimen: Oral: Initial: 10 mg once daily; over the first month increase to usual effective dose of 20 mg once daily; in subsequent menstrual cycles, further dose increases (eg, in 10 mg increments per menstrual cycle) up to 40 mg/day may be necessary in some patients for optimal response (Casper 2020; Freeman 2002; Wikander 1998).

Intermittent regimens:

Luteal phase dosing regimen: Oral: Initial: 10 mg once daily during the luteal phase of menstrual cycle only (ie, beginning therapy 14 days before anticipated onset of menstruation and continued to the onset of menses); over the first month increase to usual effective dose of 20 mg once daily during the luteal phase; in a subsequent menstrual cycle, a further increase to 30 mg/day during the luteal phase may be necessary in some patients for optimal response (Casper 2020; Freeman 2002; Wikander 1998).

Symptom-onset dosing regimen: Oral: Initial: 10 mg once daily from the day of symptom onset until a few days after the start of menses; over the first month increase to usual effective dose of 20 mg once daily; in a subsequent menstrual cycle a further increase to 30 mg/day may be necessary in some patients for optimal response (Casper 2020; Ravindran 2007).

Social anxiety disorder (off-label use): Oral: Initial: 10 to 20 mg once daily. In adults ≤60 years of age, after ~6 weeks may gradually increase dose based on response and tolerability in 10 to 20 mg increments at intervals ≥1 week up to maximum of 40 mg/day; for adults >60 years of age, do not exceed the maximum dose of 20 mg/day. Daily doses that exceeded these limits have been studied but are not recommended due to safety considerations (Atmaca 2002b; Furmark 2005; Stein 2019; WFSBP [Bandelow 2012]).

Vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause (alternative agent) (off-label use): Oral: Initial: 10 mg once daily; may increase dose to 20 mg once daily after 1 week. In adults ≤60 years of age, doses as high as 40 mg/day have been studied; however, doses >20 mg/day have demonstrated little additional benefit and greater adverse effects (Barton 2010; Kalay 2007; NAMS 2015). For adults >60 years of age, do not exceed the maximum dose of 20 mg/day.

Dosage adjustments: For concomitant therapy with moderate to strong CYP2C19 inhibitors or other drugs that significantly increase citalopram levels (eg, cimetidine, omeprazole, voriconazole) and in persons who are known to be poor metabolizers of CYP2C19: Maximum dose: 20 mg/day.

Discontinuation of therapy:When discontinuing antidepressant treatment that has lasted for >3 weeks, gradually taper the dose (eg, over 2 to 4 weeks) to minimize withdrawal symptoms and detect reemerging symptoms (APA 2010; WFSBP [Bauer 2015]). Reasons for a slower titration (eg, over 4 weeks) include use of a drug with a half-life <24 hours (eg, paroxetine, venlafaxine), prior history of antidepressant withdrawal symptoms, or high doses of antidepressants (APA 2010; Hirsch 2019). If intolerable withdrawal symptoms occur, resume the previously prescribed dose and/or decrease dose at a more gradual rate (Shelton 2001). Select patients (eg, those with a history of discontinuation syndrome) on long-term treatment (>6 months) may benefit from tapering over >3 months (WFSBP [Bauer 2015]). Evidence supporting ideal taper rates is limited (Shelton 2001; WFSBP [Bauer 2015]).

Switching antidepressants: Evidence for ideal antidepressant switching strategies is limited; strategies include cross-titration (gradually discontinuing the first antidepressant while at the same time gradually increasing the new antidepressant) and direct switch (abruptly discontinuing the first antidepressant and then starting the new antidepressant at an equivalent dose or lower dose and increasing it gradually). Cross-titration (eg, over 1 to 4 weeks depending upon sensitivity to discontinuation symptoms and adverse effects) is standard for most switches, but is contraindicated when switching to or from an MAOI. A direct switch may be an appropriate approach when switching to another agent in the same or similar class (eg, when switching between two SSRIs), when the antidepressant to be discontinued has been used for <1 week, or when the discontinuation is for adverse effects. When choosing the switch strategy, consider the risk of discontinuation symptoms, potential for drug interactions, other antidepressant properties (eg, half-life, adverse effects, pharmacodynamics), and the degree of symptom control desired (Hirsch 2018b; Ogle 2013; WFSBP [Bauer 2013]).

Switching to or from an MAOI:

Allow 14 days to elapse between discontinuing an MAOI and initiation of citalopram.

Allow 14 days to elapse between discontinuing citalopram and initiation of an MAOI.

* See Dosage and Administration in AHFS Essentials for additional information.

Dosing: Geriatric

Note: For patients >60 years of age, the maximum recommended dose is 20 mg/day due to the risk of QT prolongation.

Generalized anxiety disorder (off-label use): Oral: Initial: 10 mg once daily; may increase dose based on response and tolerability in 10 mg increments at intervals ≥1 week up to 20 mg/day. Doses up to 40 mg/day have been studied; however, according to the manufacturer, dosing should not exceed 20 mg/day. (Blank 2006; Lenze 2005)

Major depressive disorder (unipolar): Adults >60 years: Oral: Initial: 10 to 20 mg once daily (Marano 2015; VA/DoD 2016); maximum dose: 20 mg/day due to increased exposure and the risk of QT prolongation.

Discontinuation of therapy: Refer to adult dosing.

Switching antidepressants: Refer to adult dosing.

Dosing: Renal Impairment: Adult

Mild to moderate impairment: No dosage adjustment necessary.

Severe impairment: CrCl <20 mL/minute: No dosage adjustment provided in manufacturer's labeling (has not been studied); use caution.

Dosing: Hepatic Impairment: Adult

Maximum recommended dose: 20 mg daily due to decreased clearance and the risk of QT prolongation

Dosing: Pediatric

Note: Slower titration of dose every 2 to 4 weeks may minimize risk of SSRI associated behavioral activation, which has been shown to increase risk of suicidal behavior. Doses >40 mg are not recommended due to risk of QTc prolongation.

Depression: Limited data available; efficacy results variable: One randomized, placebo-controlled trial has shown citalopram to be effective for the treatment of depression in pediatric patients (Wagner 2004); other controlled pediatric trials have not shown benefit (Sharp 2006; von Knorring 2006; Wagner 2005). Some experts recommend the following doses (Dopheide 2006): Oral:

Children 7 to ≤11 years: Initial: 10 mg/day given once daily; increase dose slowly by 5 mg/day every 2 weeks as clinically needed; dosage range: 20 to 40 mg/day

Children and Adolescents ≥12 years: Initial: 20 mg/day given once daily; increase dose slowly by 10 mg/day every 2 weeks as clinically needed; dosage range: 20 to 40 mg/day

Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Limited data available: Several open label trials have been published (Mukaddes 2003; Thomsen 1997; Thomsen 2001). Some experts recommend the following doses: Oral:

Children 7 to ≤11 years: Initial: 5 to 10 mg/day given once daily; increase dose slowly by 5 mg/day every 2 weeks as clinically needed; dosage range: 10 to 40 mg/day

Children and Adolescents ≥12 years: Initial: 10 to 20 mg/day given once daily; increase dose slowly by 10 mg/day every 2 weeks as clinically needed; dosage range: 10 to 40 mg/day

Note: Higher mg/kg doses are needed in children compared to adolescents.

Discontinuation of therapy: Consider planning antidepressant discontinuation for lower-stress times, recognizing non-illness-related factors could cause stress or anxiety and be misattributed to antidepressant discontinuation (Hathaway 2018). Upon discontinuation of antidepressant therapy, gradually taper the dose to minimize the incidence of discontinuation syndromes (withdrawal) and allow for the detection of reemerging disease state symptoms (eg, relapse). Evidence supporting ideal taper rates after illness remission is limited. APA and NICE guidelines suggest tapering therapy over at least several weeks with consideration to the half-life of the antidepressant; antidepressants with a shorter half-life may need to be tapered more conservatively. After long-term (years) antidepressant treatment, WFSBP guidelines recommend tapering over 4 to 6 months, with close monitoring during and for 6 months after discontinuation. If intolerable discontinuation symptoms occur following a dose reduction, consider resuming the previously prescribed dose and/or decrease dose at a more gradual rate (APA 2010; Bauer 2002; Fenske 2009; Haddad 2001; NCCMH 2010; Schatzberg 2006; Shelton 2001; Warner 2006).

MAO inhibitor recommendations:

Switching to or from an MAO inhibitor intended to treat psychiatric disorders:

Allow 14 days to elapse between discontinuing an MAO inhibitor intended to treat psychiatric disorders and initiation of citalopram.

Allow 14 days to elapse between discontinuing citalopram and initiation of an MAO inhibitor intended to treat psychiatric disorders.

Dosing: Renal Impairment: Pediatric

Specific recommendations in pediatric patients are not available; based on experience in adult patients, in mild to moderate impairment, no adjustment needed, and in severe impairment, use with caution (has not been studied).

Dosing: Hepatic Impairment: Pediatric

Specific recommendations in pediatric patients are not available; based on experience in adult patients, consider reduced daily doses due to increased serum concentrations and the risk of QT prolongation.

Calculations

• Creatinine Clearance by Cockcroft-Gault
• Creatinine Clearance by Cockcroft-Gault (SI units)
• Creatinine Clearance by Cockcroft-Gault with IBW
• Creatinine Clearance by Cockcroft-Gault with IBW (SI units)

Use: Labeled Indications

Major depressive disorder (unipolar): Treatment of unipolar major depressive disorder

* See Uses in AHFS Essentials for additional information.

Use: Off-Label: Adult

Aggressive or agitated behavior associated with dementiaLevel of Evidence [A]

Data from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study support the use of citalopram in the treatment of agitation associated with dementia Ref.

Binge eating disorderLevel of Evidence [C, G]

Data from a limited number of patients studied suggest that citalopram may be beneficial for the treatment of binge eating disorder by reducing binge episode frequency, weight, and severity of illness; however, average doses used (>40 mg) are no longer recommended due to an increased risk of cardiovascular effects Ref.

Based on the American Psychiatric Association practice guideline for the treatment of patients with eating disorders and World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry guidelines for the treatment of the pharmacologic treatment of eating disorders, citalopram given for binge eating disorder is effective and recommended; however, these guidelines were drafted prior to changes in the citalopram labeling regarding dose-related QT prolongation. Access Full Off-Label Monograph

Generalized anxiety disorderLevel of Evidence [C]

Data from a limited number of adult and geriatric patients suggest that citalopram may be beneficial for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder Ref. Access Full Off-Label Monograph

Obsessive-compulsive disorderLevel of Evidence [B, G]

Data from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study support the use of citalopram in the treatment of OCD Ref.

Based on the American Psychiatric Association practice guideline for the treatment of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder, the use of an SSRI, such as citalopram, is an effective and recommended treatment option for patients with this condition.

Panic disorderLevel of Evidence [B, G]

Data from 3 double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, multicenter studies and 2 single-blind, flexible-dose studies support the use of citalopram in the treatment of panic disorder Ref.

Based on the American Psychiatric Association guidelines for the treatment of patients with panic disorder and the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and posttraumatic stress disorders, citalopram is effective and recommended in the management of panic disorder.

Posttraumatic stress disorderLevel of Evidence [C, G]

Data from a double-blind, randomized, placebo- and active-controlled trial and an open-label study suggest that the use of citalopram may be beneficial in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Ref.

Based on the American Psychiatric Association guidelines for the treatment of patients with acute stress disorder and PTSD and the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and posttraumatic stress disorders, SSRIs are effective and recommended as first-line treatment for PTSD. The guidelines provide no recommendations specific to citalopram because at the time of publication, controlled studies with citalopram were not available; however, clinical consensus suggests SSRIs are equivalent in efficacy. In contrast, the Veterans Affairs/Department of Defense clinical practice guideline for the management of posttraumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder suggests against the use of citalopram for the treatment of PTSD, due to the lack of strong evidence for efficacy and known adverse effects and associated risks. Access Full Off-Label Monograph

Premature ejaculationLevel of Evidence [C, G]

Data from a limited number of patients in controlled trials suggest that citalopram may be beneficial for the treatment of premature ejaculation Ref.

According to the International Society for Sexual Medicine guidelines, citalopram is effective and recommended in the management of premature ejaculation; however, paroxetine may have a more robust effect. Access Full Off-Label Monograph

Premenstrual dysphoric disorderLevel of Evidence [C, G]

Data from a limited number of patients studied suggest that citalopram may be beneficial for the treatment of premenstrual dysphoric disorder as a continuous daily dose or during the luteal phase Ref.

Based on the International Society for Premenstrual Disorders auditable standards for diagnosis and management of premenstrual disorder, SSRIs are effective and recommended in the management of premenstrual dysphoric disorder.

Social anxiety disorderLevel of Evidence [C, G]

Data from a limited number of clinical trials suggest that citalopram may be beneficial for the treatment of social anxiety disorder Ref.

Based on the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety, obsessive-compulsive, and posttraumatic stress disorders, SSRIs such as citalopram are effective and recommended for the management of social anxiety disorder.

Vasomotor symptoms associated with menopauseLevel of Evidence [B, G]

Data from 2 randomized, placebo-controlled trials and a meta-analysis support the use of citalopram in the treatment of vasomotor symptoms (eg, hot flashes) in peri- or postmenopausal women Ref.

Based on the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology position statement on menopause, the Endocrine Society guideline on the treatment of symptoms of menopause, and the North American Menopause Society position statement on nonhormonal management of menopause-associated vasomotor symptoms, SSRIs (including citalopram) are an effective and recommended alternative for the management of vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause in patients with contraindications to hormonal therapy or who prefer not to use hormonal therapy. Based on the American Cancer Society/American Society of Clinical Oncology breast cancer survivorship care guideline, SSRIs may be used to help mitigate vasomotor symptoms of premature menopause in women previously treated for breast cancer. Access Full Off-Label Monograph

Level of Evidence Definitions

Level of Evidence Scale

Class and Related Monographs

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

Clinical Practice Guidelines

Anxiety Disorders:

American Psychiatric Association, “Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,” November 2004

American Psychiatric Association, "Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Panic Disorder," 2009

US Department of Veterans Affairs/Department of Defense (VA/DoD), “Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Acute Stress Disorder,” June 2017

World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP), "Guidelines for the Pharmacological Treatment of Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders, First Revision," 2008

World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP), “Guidelines for the pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in primary care,” 2012

Depression:

American Psychiatric Association, Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Major Depressive Disorder, Third Edition, May 2010

Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT), “Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Major Depressive Disorder in Adults,” October 2009

National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (NCCMH), “Depression: The NICE Guideline on the Treatment and Management of Depression in Adults (Updated Edition).” 2010.

World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP), “Guidelines for Biological Treatment of Unipolar Depressive Disorders, Part 1: Update 2013 on the Acute and Continuation Treatment of Unipolar Depressive Disorders,” 2013.

World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP), “Guidelines for Biological Treatment of Unipolar Depressive Disorders, Part 2: Maintenance Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder and Treatment of Chronic Depressive Disorders and Subthreshold Depressions,” 2002.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder:

American Psychiatric Association, Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, 2007

World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP), "Guidelines for the Pharmacological Treatment of Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders, First Revision," 2008

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder:

International Society for Premenstrual Disorders (ISPD), “ISPD auditable standards for diagnosis and management of premenstrual disorder,” December 2016

Vasomotor Symptoms Associated with Menopause:

Endocrine Society (ES), Treatment of Symptoms of the Menopause, 2015

North American Menopause Society (NAMS), Nonhormonal management of menopause-associated vasomotor symptoms, 2015

Administration: Oral

May be administered without regard to food.

Administration: Pediatric

Oral: May be administered without regard to meals

Dietary Considerations

May be taken without regard to food.

Storage/Stability

Store at 25°C (77°F); excursions permitted to 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F). Protect from moisture.

Medication Patient Education with HCAHPS Considerations

What is this drug used for?

• It is used to treat low mood (depression).

• It may be given to you for other reasons. Talk with the doctor.

Frequently reported side effects of this drug

• Nausea

• Fatigue

• Dry mouth

• Lack of appetite

• Loss of strength and energy

• Trouble sleeping

• Tremors

• Constipation

• Common cold symptoms

• Diarrhea

• Sweating a lot

• Yawning

Other side effects of this drug: Talk with your doctor right away if you have any of these signs of:

• Low sodium like headache, difficulty focusing, trouble with memory, confusion, weakness, seizures, or change in balance.

• Depression like thoughts of suicide, anxiety, emotional instability, or confusion.

• Bleeding like vomiting blood or vomit that looks like coffee grounds; coughing up blood; blood in the urine; black, red, or tarry stools; bleeding from the gums; abnormal vaginal bleeding; bruises without a reason or that get bigger; or any severe or persistent bleeding.

• Agitation

• Panic attacks

• Mood changes

• Chest pain

• Fast heartbeat

• Abnormal heartbeat

• Slow heartbeat

• Shortness of breath

• Dizziness

• Passing out

• Seizures

• Sexual dysfunction

• Weight gain

• Weight loss

• Menstrual changes

• Vision changes

• Eye pain

• Eye irritation

• Serotonin syndrome like dizziness, severe headache, agitation, sensing things that seem real but are not, fast heartbeat, abnormal heartbeat, flushing, tremors, sweating a lot, change in balance, severe nausea, or severe diarrhea.

• Erection that lasts more than 4 hours

• Signs of a significant reaction like wheezing; chest tightness; fever; itching; bad cough; blue skin color; seizures; or swelling of face, lips, tongue, or throat.

Note: This is not a comprehensive list of all side effects. Talk to your doctor if you have questions.

Consumer Information Use and Disclaimer: This information should not be used to decide whether or not to take this medicine or any other medicine. Only the healthcare provider has the knowledge and training to decide which medicines are right for a specific patient. This information does not endorse any medicine as safe, effective, or approved for treating any patient or health condition. This is only a brief summary of general information about this medicine. It does NOT include all information about the possible uses, directions, warnings, precautions, interactions, adverse effects, or risks that may apply to this medicine. This information is not specific medical advice and does not replace information you receive from the healthcare provider. You must talk with the healthcare provider for complete information about the risks and benefits of using this medicine.

Medication Safety Issues

Sound-alike/look-alike issues:

Geriatric Patients: High-Risk Medication:

Medication Guide and/or Vaccine Information Statement (VIS)

An FDA-approved patient medication guide, which is available with the product information and at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2017/020822s047lbl.pdf#page=33, must be dispensed with this medication.

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity to citalopram or any component of the formulation; use of MAO inhibitors intended to treat psychiatric disorders (concurrently or within 14 days of discontinuing either citalopram or the MAO inhibitor); initiation of citalopram in a patient receiving linezolid or intravenous methylene blue; concomitant use with pimozide

Canadian labeling: Additional contraindications (not in US labeling): Known QT interval prolongation or congenital long QT syndrome

Warnings/Precautions

Major psychiatric warnings:

• Suicidal thinking/behavior: [US Boxed Warning]: Antidepressants increase the risk of suicidal thinking and behavior in children, adolescents, and young adults (18 to 24 years of age) with major depressive disorder (MDD) and other psychiatric disorders; consider risk prior to prescribing. Short-term studies did not show an increased risk in patients >24 years of age and showed a decreased risk in patients ≥65 years. Closely monitor patients for clinical worsening, suicidality, or unusual changes in behavior, particularly during the initial 1 to 2 months of therapy or during periods of dosage adjustments (increases or decreases); the patient's family or caregiver should be instructed to closely observe the patient and communicate condition with health care provider. A medication guide concerning the use of antidepressants should be dispensed with each prescription. Citalopram is not FDA approved for use in children.

- The possibility of a suicide attempt is inherent in major depression and may persist until remission occurs. Worsening depression and severe abrupt suicidality that are not part of the presenting symptoms may require discontinuation or modification of drug therapy. Use caution in high-risk patients during initiation of therapy.

- Prescriptions should be written for the smallest quantity consistent with good patient care. The patient's family or caregiver should be alerted to monitor patients for the emergence of suicidality and associated behaviors such as anxiety, agitation, panic attacks, insomnia, irritability, hostility, impulsivity, akathisia, hypomania, and mania; patients should be instructed to notify their healthcare provider if any of these symptoms or worsening depression or psychosis occur.

Concerns related to adverse effects:

• Bleeding risk: May impair platelet aggregation resulting in increased risk of bleeding events, particularly if used concomitantly with aspirin, NSAIDs, warfarin, or other anticoagulants. Bleeding (including GI bleeding) related to SSRI or SNRI use has been reported to range from relatively minor bruising and epistaxis to life-threatening hemorrhage.

• CNS depression: Has a low potential to impair cognitive or motor performance; caution operating hazardous machinery or driving.

• Fractures: Bone fractures have been associated with antidepressant treatment. Consider the possibility of a fragility fracture if an antidepressant-treated patient presents with unexplained bone pain, point tenderness, swelling, or bruising (Rabenda 2013; Rizzoli 2012).

• Ocular effects: May cause mild pupillary dilation which in susceptible individuals can lead to an episode of narrow-angle glaucoma. Consider evaluating patients who have not had an iridectomy for narrow-angle glaucoma risk factors.

• QT prolongation: Causes dose-dependent QTc prolongation; torsade de pointes, ventricular tachycardia, and sudden death have been reported. Due to this risk, doses >40 mg/day are not recommended. Additionally, the maximum daily dose should not exceed 20 mg/day in certain populations (eg, CYP2C19 poor metabolizers, patients with hepatic impairment, elderly patients). Use is not recommended in patients with congenital long QT syndrome, bradycardia, recent MI, uncompensated heart failure, hypokalemia, and/or hypomagnesemia, or patients receiving concomitant medications which prolong the QT interval; if use is essential and cannot be avoided in these patients, ECG monitoring is recommended. Discontinue therapy in any patient with persistent QTc measurements >500 msec. Serum electrolytes, particularly potassium and magnesium, should be monitored prior to initiation and periodically during therapy in any patient at increased risk for significant electrolyte disturbances; hypokalemia and/or hypomagnesemia should be corrected prior to use.

• Serotonin syndrome: Potentially life-threatening serotonin syndrome (SS) has occurred with serotonergic agents (eg, SSRIs, SNRIs), particularly when used in combination with other serotonergic agents (eg, triptans, TCAs, fentanyl, lithium, tramadol, buspirone, St John's wort, tryptophan) or agents that impair metabolism of serotonin (eg, MAO inhibitors intended to treat psychiatric disorders, other MAO inhibitors [ie, linezolid and intravenous methylene blue]). Monitor patients closely for signs of SS such as mental status changes (eg, agitation, hallucinations, delirium, coma); autonomic instability (eg, tachycardia, labile blood pressure, diaphoresis); neuromuscular changes (eg, tremor, rigidity, myoclonus); GI symptoms (eg, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea); and/or seizures. Discontinue treatment (and any concomitant serotonergic agent) immediately if signs/symptoms arise.

• Sexual dysfunction: May cause or exacerbate sexual dysfunction.

• SIADH and hyponatremia: SSRIs and SNRIs have been associated with the development of SIADH; hyponatremia has been reported rarely (including severe cases with serum sodium <110 mmol/L), predominately in the elderly; reversible with discontinuation of treatment. Volume depletion and/or concurrent use of diuretics likely increases risk.

Disease-related concerns:

• Heart failure: In a scientific statement from the American Heart Association, citalopram has been determined to be an agent that may exacerbate underlying myocardial dysfunction (magnitude: major) (AHA [Page 2016]).

• Hepatic impairment: Use with caution in patients with hepatic impairment; clearance is decreased and plasma concentrations are increased; a maximum of 20 mg/day is recommended in any patient with hepatic impairment due to the risk of QT prolongation.

• Mania/hypomania: May precipitate a shift to mania or hypomania in patients with bipolar disorder. Monotherapy in patients with bipolar disorder should be avoided. Combination therapy with an antidepressant and a mood stabilizer may be effective for acute treatment of bipolar major depressive episodes, but should be avoided in acute mania or mixed episodes, as well as maintenance treatment in bipolar disorder due to the mood-destabilizing effects of antidepressants (CANMAT [Yatham 2018]; WFSBP [Grunze 2018]). Patients presenting with depressive symptoms should be screened for bipolar disorder. Citalopram is not FDA approved for the treatment of bipolar depression.

• Renal impairment: Use with caution in patients with severe renal impairment (pharmacokinetic information is not available). Clearance is decreased in patients with mild to moderate renal impairment, although no dosage adjustment is necessary.

• Seizure disorders: Use with caution in patients with a previous seizure disorder or condition predisposing to seizures such as brain damage or alcoholism.

Concurrent drug therapy issues:

• Drug-drug interactions: Potentially significant interactions may exist, requiring dose or frequency adjustment, additional monitoring, and/or selection of alternative therapy. Consult drug interactions database for more detailed information.

Special populations:

• CYP2C19 poor metabolizers: Citalopram exposure and maximum concentrations are increased in CYP2C19 poor metabolizers; a maximum daily dose of 20 mg/day is recommended in these patients.

• Elderly: Pharmacokinetics are altered in patients >60 years of age; a lower maximum dose of 20 mg/day is recommended in this population because of the risk of QT prolongation.

• Pediatric: Citalopram is not FDA-approved for use in children; however, if used, monitor weight and growth regularly during therapy due to the potential for decreased appetite and weight loss with SSRI use.

• Pregnancy: Use caution in pregnant patients; high doses of citalopram have been associated with teratogenicity in animals.

Other warnings/precautions:

• Discontinuation syndrome: Abrupt discontinuation or interruption of antidepressant therapy has been associated with a discontinuation syndrome. Symptoms arising may vary with antidepressant however commonly include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, light-headedness, dizziness, diminished appetite, sweating, chills, tremors, paresthesias, fatigue, somnolence, and sleep disturbances (eg, vivid dreams, insomnia). Less common symptoms include electric shock-like sensations, cardiac arrhythmias (more common with tricyclic antidepressants), myalgias, parkinsonism, arthralgias, and balance difficulties. Psychological symptoms may also emerge such as agitation, anxiety, akathisia, panic attacks, irritability, aggressiveness, worsening of mood, dysphoria, mood lability, hyperactivity, mania/hypomania, depersonalization, decreased concentration, slowed thinking, confusion, and memory or concentration difficulties. Greater risks for developing a discontinuation syndrome have been associated with antidepressants with shorter half-lives, longer durations of treatment, and abrupt discontinuation.. For antidepressants of short or intermediate half-lives, symptoms may emerge within 2 to 5 days after treatment discontinuation and last 7 to 14 days (APA 2010; Fava 2006; Haddad 2001; Shelton 2001; Warner 2006).

• Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): Use with caution; no clinical studies have assessed the combined use of citalopram and ECT; may increase the risks (eg, cognitive adverse effects) associated with ECT; consider discontinuing, when possible, prior to ECT treatment.

* See Cautions in AHFS Essentials for additional information.

Geriatric Considerations

AUC was increased by 23% to 30% and half-life increased by 30% to 50% in older adults >60 years of age compared to younger adults. Due to the risk of QT prolongation associated with higher doses of citalopram, a lower maximum daily dose of 20 mg/day in recommended in all older adults.

A seven- to eightfold variation in citalopram S(+) (active) and R(-) enantiomer concentrations have been reported in the elderly. The racemic citalopram concentration-to-dose ratio was 1.8 times greater in elderly patients compared to younger patients. The elderly are also more prone to SSRI/SNRI-induced hyponatremia. Consider monitoring serum sodium levels with medication initiation and dose adjustments.

In patients with hepatic impairment, clearance was decreased, while half-life was significantly increased. Mild to moderate renal impairment may reduce clearance of citalopram (17% reduction noted in trials). No pharmacokinetic information is available concerning patients with severe renal impairment. Pharmacokinetics were also significantly altered in poor CYP2C19 metabolizers.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of antidepressant placebo-controlled trials in persons with depression and dementia found evidence "suggestive" of efficacy but not of sufficient strength to "confirm" efficacy (Nelson 2011). Older patients with depression being treated with an antidepressant should be closely monitored for response and adverse effects.

In the placebo-controlled, double-blind, CitAD trial, citalopram was studied in Alzheimer disease patients with agitation (Schneider 2016). Results were heterogeneous; outpatients with less cognitive impairment saw some improvement in agitation with citalopram. In contrast, patients living in a long-term care facility with greater cognitive impairment or with more severe baseline agitation had better outcomes with placebo. Patients were treated for 9 weeks and were titrated to citalopram 30 mg/day. This higher-than-recommended dose of citalopram, along with potential cognitive worsening and cardiac adverse effects seen in the trial, may limit the practical use of this treatment (Porsteinsson 2014; Weintraub 2015).

Warnings: Additional Pediatric Considerations

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)-associated behavioral activation (ie, restlessness, hyperkinesis, hyperactivity, agitation) is two- to threefold more prevalent in children compared to adolescents; it is more prevalent in adolescents compared to adults. Somnolence (including sedation and drowsiness) is more common in adults compared to children and adolescents (Safer, 2006). SSRI-associated vomiting is two- to threefold more prevalent in children compared to adolescents and is more prevalent in adolescents compared to adults (Safer, 2006).

Pregnancy Risk Factor

C

Pregnancy Considerations

Adverse events have been observed in animal reproduction studies. Citalopram and its metabolites cross the human placenta (Heikkinen, Ekblad, Kero 2002). An increased risk of teratogenic effects, including cardiovascular defects, may be associated with maternal use of citalopram or other SSRIs; however, available information is conflicting. Nonteratogenic effects in the newborn following SSRI/SNRI exposure late in the third trimester include respiratory distress, cyanosis, apnea, seizures, temperature instability, feeding difficulty, vomiting, hypoglycemia, hypo- or hypertonia, hyper-reflexia, jitteriness, irritability, constant crying, and tremor. Symptoms may be due to the toxicity of the SSRIs/SNRIs or a discontinuation syndrome and may be consistent with serotonin syndrome associated with SSRI treatment. Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) has also been reported with SSRI exposure. The long-term effects of in utero SSRI exposure on infant development and behavior are not known.

Due to pregnancy-induced physiologic changes, women who are pregnant may require adjusted doses of citalopram to achieve euthymia (Heikkinen, Ekblad, Kero 2002). The ACOG recommends that therapy with SSRIs or SNRIs during pregnancy be individualized; treatment of depression during pregnancy should incorporate the clinical expertise of the mental health clinician, obstetrician, primary health care provider, and pediatrician. According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA), the risks of medication treatment should be weighed against other treatment options and untreated depression. For women who discontinue antidepressant medications during pregnancy and who may be at high risk for postpartum depression, the medications can be restarted following delivery. Treatment algorithms have been developed by the ACOG and the APA for the management of depression in women prior to conception and during pregnancy (ACOG 2008; APA 2010; Yonkers 2009).

Pregnant women exposed to antidepressants during pregnancy are encouraged to enroll in the National Pregnancy Registry for Antidepressants (NPRAD). Women 18 to 45 years of age or their health care providers may contact the registry by calling 844-405-6185. Enrollment should be done as early in pregnancy as possible.

Breast-Feeding Considerations

Citalopram and its active metabolites are present in breast milk.

The relative infant dose (RID) of citalopram has been evaluated in numerous studies; the reported RID of citalopram ranges from 3% to 10% of the weight-adjusted maternal dose (maternal dose not stated; Berle 2011), and may be higher (Berle 2011; Sriraman 2015). In general, breastfeeding is considered acceptable when the RID is <10% (Anderson 2016; Ito 2000); however, some sources note breastfeeding should only be considered if the RID is <5% for psychotropic agents (Larsen 2015). When an RID is >25% breastfeeding should generally be avoided (Anderson 2016; Ito 2000). Active metabolites of citalopram can also be detected in breast milk. Peak milk concentrations of citalopram and desmethylcitalopram occur 4 and 6 hours, respectively, after the maternal dose in women on chronic therapy (Rampono 2000). However, avoiding breastfeeding during the expected peak concentrations will generally not decrease infant exposure significantly for antidepressants with long half-lives (Berle 2011). Although the absolute infant plasma concentrations are generally negligible, in some cases the infant plasma concentration of citalopram was up to 10% of the maternal concentration (Berle 2011).

Excessive somnolence, decreased feeding, and weight loss have been noted in infants exposed to citalopram from breast milk. Infants of mothers using psychotropic medications should be monitored daily for changes in sleep, feeding patterns, and behavior (Bauer 2013) as well as infant growth and neurodevelopment (Sachs 2013; Sriraman 2015). Maternal use of an SSRI during pregnancy may cause delayed lactogenesis (Marshall 2010).

When first initiating an antidepressant in a breastfeeding woman, agents other than citalopram are preferred. Women successfully treated with citalopram during pregnancy may continue use while breastfeeding if there are no other contraindications (Berle 2011; Sriraman 2015). According to the manufacturer, the decision to continue or discontinue breastfeeding during therapy should take into account the risk of infant exposure, the benefits of breastfeeding to the infant, and benefits of treatment to the mother.

Lexicomp Pregnancy & Lactation, In-Depth

• Citalopram

Briggs' Drugs in Pregnancy & Lactation

• Citalopram

Adverse Reactions

>10%:

Central nervous system: Drowsiness (18%; dose related), insomnia (15%; dose related)

Dermatologic: Diaphoresis (11%; dose related)

Gastrointestinal: Nausea (21%), xerostomia (20%)

1% to 10%:

Cardiovascular: Prolonged Q-T interval on ECG (2%), hypotension (≥1%), orthostatic hypotension (≥1%), tachycardia (≥1%), bradycardia (1%)

Central nervous system: Fatigue (5%; dose related), anxiety (4%), agitation (3%), yawning (2%; dose related), amnesia (≥1%), apathy (≥1%), confusion (≥1%), depression (≥1%), lack of concentration (≥1%), migraine (≥1%), paresthesia (≥1%)

Dermatologic: Skin rash (≥1%), pruritus (≥1%)

Endocrine & metabolic: Decreased libido (1% to 4%), amenorrhea (≥1%), weight gain (≥1%), weight loss (≥1%)

Gastrointestinal: Diarrhea (8%), dyspepsia (5%), anorexia (4%), vomiting (4%), abdominal pain (3%), dysgeusia (≥1%), flatulence (≥1%), increased appetite (≥1%), sialorrhea (≥1%)

Genitourinary: Ejaculatory disorder (6%), dysmenorrhea (3%), impotence (3%; dose related)

Neuromuscular & skeletal: Tremor (8%), arthralgia (2%), myalgia (2%)

Ophthalmic: Accommodation disturbance (≥1%)

Renal: Polyuria (≥1%)

Respiratory: Rhinitis (5%), upper respiratory tract infection (5%), sinusitis (3%), cough (≥1%)

Miscellaneous: Fever (2%)

<1%, postmarketing, and/or case reports: Abnormal gait, abnormal lacrimation, abnormal serum prolactin levels, acne vulgaris, acute renal failure, aggressive behavior, akathisia, alopecia, altered serum glucose, anaphylaxis, anemia, angina pectoris, angioedema, angle-closure glaucoma, arthritis, asthma, ataxia, atrial fibrillation, blepharoptosis, blood coagulation disorder, breast hypertrophy, bronchitis, bronchospasm, bruxism, bundle branch block, bursitis, cardiac arrest, cardiac failure, cataract, catatonia, cellulitis, cerebrovascular accident, cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, choreoathetosis, colitis, conjunctivitis, dehydration, delirium, delusions, depersonalization, dermatitis, diplopia, diverticulitis, drug dependence, dry eye syndrome, duodenal ulcer, dyskinesia, dysphagia, dyspnea, dystonia, dysuria, ecchymoses, eczema, emotional lability, epistaxis, eructation, erythema multiforme, esophagitis, euphoria, extrapyramidal reaction, extrasystoles, eye pain, facial edema, flu-like symptoms, flushing, galactorrhea, gastric ulcer, gastritis, gastroenteritis, gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, gingival hemorrhage, gingivitis, glossitis, goiter, granulocytopenia, gynecomastia, hallucination, hematuria, hemolytic anemia, hemorrhoids, hepatic necrosis, hepatitis, hiccups, hot flash, hyperbilirubinemia, hyperesthesia, hyperkinesia, hypersensitivity reaction, hypertension, hypertonia, hypertrichosis, hypochromic anemia, hypoesthesia, hypoglycemia, hypohidrosis, hypokalemia, hypokinesia, hyponatremia, hypoprothrombinemia, hypothyroidism, increased libido, increased liver enzymes, increased serum alkaline phosphatase, increased thirst, involuntary muscle movements, ischemic heart disease, jaundice, keratitis, laryngitis, leg cramps, leukocytosis, leukopenia, lymphadenopathy, lymphocytopenia, lymphocytosis, mastalgia, melanosis, myasthenia, mydriasis, myocardial infarction, myoclonus, nephrolithiasis, neuralgia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome (Stevens 2008), nightmares, nystagmus, obesity, oliguria, osteoporosis, pancreatitis, panic attack, paranoia, peripheral edema, phlebitis, photophobia, pneumonia, pneumonitis, priapism, pruritus ani, psoriasis, psychosis, pulmonary embolism, purpura, pyelonephritis, Raynaud's phenomenon (Khouri 2016; Peiró 2007), renal pain, rhabdomyolysis, rigors, seasonal allergic rhinitis, seizure, serotonin syndrome, skeletal pain, skin discoloration, skin photosensitivity, stomatitis, stupor, syncope, thrombocytopenia, thrombosis, tinnitus, tonic-clonic seizures, torsades de pointes, toxic epidermal necrolysis, transient ischemic attacks, urinary incontinence, urinary retention, urticaria, vaginal hemorrhage, ventricular arrhythmia, vertigo, withdrawal syndrome, xeroderma

* See Cautions in AHFS Essentials for additional information.

Allergy and Idiosyncratic Reactions

• Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) Allergy

Toxicology

• Antidepressants, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

Metabolism/Transport Effects

Substrate of CYP2C19 (major), CYP2D6 (minor), CYP3A4 (major); Note: Assignment of Major/Minor substrate status based on clinically relevant drug interaction potential; Inhibits CYP2D6 (weak)

Drug Interactions Open Interactions

Acalabrutinib: May enhance the antiplatelet effect of Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Agents with Antiplatelet Properties (e.g., P2Y12 inhibitors, NSAIDs, SSRIs, etc.): May enhance the antiplatelet effect of other Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Agents with Blood Glucose Lowering Effects: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors may enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Agents with Blood Glucose Lowering Effects. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Alcohol (Ethyl): May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. Specifically, the risk of psychomotor impairment may be enhanced. Management: Patients receiving selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors should be advised to avoid alcohol. Monitor for increased psychomotor impairment in patients who consume alcohol during treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Almotriptan: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Alosetron: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Amisulpride: May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Agents (Moderate Risk). Risk C: Monitor therapy

Amphetamines: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Anticoagulants: Agents with Antiplatelet Properties may enhance the anticoagulant effect of Anticoagulants. Exceptions: Bemiparin; Enoxaparin; Heparin. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Antiemetics (5HT3 Antagonists): May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Exceptions: Alosetron; Ondansetron; Ramosetron. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Antipsychotic Agents: Serotonergic Agents (High Risk) may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Antipsychotic Agents. Specifically, serotonergic agents may enhance dopamine blockade, possibly increasing the risk for neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Antipsychotic Agents may enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Apixaban: Agents with Antiplatelet Properties may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Apixaban. Specifically, the risk for bleeding may be increased. Management: Carefully consider risks and benefits of this combination and monitor closely. Risk C: Monitor therapy

ARIPiprazole: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of ARIPiprazole. Management: Monitor for increased aripiprazole pharmacologic effects. Aripiprazole dose adjustments may or may not be required based on concomitant therapy and/or indication. Consult full interaction monograph for specific recommendations. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Aspirin: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors may enhance the antiplatelet effect of Aspirin. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Bemiparin: Agents with Antiplatelet Properties may enhance the anticoagulant effect of Bemiparin. Management: Avoid concomitant use of bemiparin with antiplatelet agents. If concomitant use is unavoidable, monitor closely for signs and symptoms of bleeding. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Bosentan: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Risk C: Monitor therapy

Brexanolone: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors may enhance the CNS depressant effect of Brexanolone. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Bromopride: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. Risk X: Avoid combination

BuPROPion: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Citalopram. Specifically, the risk for seizures and serotonin syndrome may be increased with this combination. BuPROPion may increase the serum concentration of Citalopram. Management: Initiate citalopram at the lower end of the normal dose range in patients receiving bupropion and consider limiting the maximum citalopram adult dose to 20 mg/day during concomitant bupropion treatment. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

BusPIRone: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy

CarBAMazepine: May decrease the serum concentration of Citalopram. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Cephalothin: Agents with Antiplatelet Properties may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Cephalothin. Specifically, the risk for bleeding may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Cimetidine: May increase the serum concentration of Citalopram. Risk C: Monitor therapy

CNS Depressants: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. Specifically, the risk of psychomotor impairment may be enhanced. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Collagenase (Systemic): Agents with Antiplatelet Properties may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Collagenase (Systemic). Specifically, the risk of injection site bruising and/or bleeding may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Cyclobenzaprine: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy

CYP2C19 Inducers (Moderate): May decrease the serum concentration of CYP2C19 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Risk C: Monitor therapy

CYP2C19 Inducers (Strong): May increase the metabolism of CYP2C19 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Management: Consider an alternative for one of the interacting drugs. Some combinations may be specifically contraindicated. Consult appropriate manufacturer labeling. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

CYP2C19 Inhibitors (Moderate): May increase the serum concentration of Citalopram. Management: Limit citalopram dose to a maximum of 20 mg/day if used with a moderate CYP2C19 inhibitor. Patients using this combination should be monitored closely for evidence of citalopram toxicity (eg, serotonin syndrome, QT prolongation). Exceptions: FLUoxetine; FluvoxaMINE; Moclobemide. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

CYP3A4 Inducers (Moderate): May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Risk C: Monitor therapy

CYP3A4 Inducers (Strong): May increase the metabolism of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Management: Consider an alternative for one of the interacting drugs. Some combinations may be specifically contraindicated. Consult appropriate manufacturer labeling. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Cyproheptadine: May diminish the therapeutic effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Dabigatran Etexilate: Agents with Antiplatelet Properties may enhance the anticoagulant effect of Dabigatran Etexilate. Agents with Antiplatelet Properties may increase the serum concentration of Dabigatran Etexilate. This mechanism applies specifically to clopidogrel. Management: Carefully consider risks and benefits of this combination and monitor closely; Canadian labeling recommends avoiding prasugrel or ticagrelor. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Dabrafenib: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Management: Seek alternatives to the CYP3A4 substrate when possible. If concomitant therapy cannot be avoided, monitor clinical effects of the substrate closely (particularly therapeutic effects). Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Dabrafenib: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP2C19 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Management: Seek alternatives to the CYP2C19 substrate when possible. If concomitant therapy cannot be avoided, monitor clinical effects of the substrate closely (particularly therapeutic effects). Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Dapoxetine: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Do not use serotonergic agents (high risk) with dapoxetine or within 7 days of serotonergic agent discontinuation. Do not use dapoxetine within 14 days of monoamine oxidase inhibitor use. Dapoxetine labeling lists this combination as contraindicated. Risk X: Avoid combination

Deferasirox: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Risk C: Monitor therapy

Deoxycholic Acid: Agents with Antiplatelet Properties may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Deoxycholic Acid. Specifically, the risk for bleeding or bruising in the treatment area may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Desmopressin: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Desmopressin. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Dexmethylphenidate-Methylphenidate: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Dextromethorphan: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Domperidone: QT-prolonging Agents (Moderate Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Domperidone. Management: Consider alternatives to this drug combination. If combined, monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Doxepin-Containing Products: Citalopram may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Doxepin-Containing Products. Citalopram may enhance the serotonergic effect of Doxepin-Containing Products. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation, ventricular arrhythmias, and serotonin syndrome when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk C: Monitor therapy

DULoxetine: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors may enhance the antiplatelet effect of DULoxetine. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors may enhance the serotonergic effect of DULoxetine. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. In addition, monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Edoxaban: Agents with Antiplatelet Properties may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Edoxaban. Specifically, the risk of bleeding may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Eletriptan: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Enoxaparin: Agents with Antiplatelet Properties may enhance the anticoagulant effect of Enoxaparin. Management: Discontinue antiplatelet agents prior to initiating enoxaparin whenever possible. If concomitant administration is unavoidable, monitor closely for signs and symptoms of bleeding. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Enzalutamide: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Management: Concurrent use of enzalutamide with CYP3A4 substrates that have a narrow therapeutic index should be avoided. Use of enzalutamide and any other CYP3A4 substrate should be performed with caution and close monitoring. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Enzalutamide: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP2C19 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Conversely, concentrations of active metabolites may be increased for those drugs activated by CYP2C19. Management: Concurrent use of enzalutamide with CYP2C19 substrates that have a narrow therapeutic index should be avoided. Use of enzalutamide and any other CYP2C19 substrate should be performed with caution and close monitoring. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Erdafitinib: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Risk C: Monitor therapy

Ergot Derivatives: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Exceptions: Nicergoline. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Escitalopram: Citalopram may enhance the antiplatelet effect of Escitalopram. Escitalopram may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Citalopram. Escitalopram may enhance the serotonergic effect of Citalopram. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Risk X: Avoid combination

Esomeprazole: May increase the serum concentration of Citalopram. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Fat Emulsion (Fish Oil Based): May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Fexinidazole [INT]: May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Agents (Moderate Risk). Risk X: Avoid combination

Fluconazole: May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Citalopram. Fluconazole may increase the serum concentration of Citalopram. Management: Limit citalopram dose to a maximum of 20 mg/day if used with fluconazole, which is a strong CYP2C19 inhibitor. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

FLUoxetine: Citalopram may enhance the antiplatelet effect of FLUoxetine. Citalopram may enhance the serotonergic effect of FLUoxetine. This could result in serotonin syndrome. FLUoxetine may increase the serum concentration of Citalopram. Management: Limit citalopram dose to a maximum of 20 mg/day. Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding, QTc interval prolongation, or serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor) if combined. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

FluvoxaMINE: Citalopram may enhance the antiplatelet effect of FluvoxaMINE. Citalopram may enhance the serotonergic effect of FluvoxaMINE. This could result in serotonin syndrome. FluvoxaMINE may increase the serum concentration of Citalopram. Management: Limit citalopram dose to a maximum of 20 mg/day. Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding, QTc prolongation, or serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor) if combined. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Gilteritinib: Citalopram may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Gilteritinib. Gilteritinib may diminish the therapeutic effect of Citalopram. Management: Avoid use of this combination if possible. If use is necessary, monitor for reduced response to citalopram and for QTc prolongation and arrhythmias. Patients with other risk factors may be at greater risk for these serious toxicities. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Glucosamine: May enhance the antiplatelet effect of Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Haloperidol: QT-prolonging Antidepressants (Moderate Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Haloperidol. Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Heparin: Agents with Antiplatelet Properties may enhance the anticoagulant effect of Heparin. Management: Decrease the dose of heparin or agents with antiplatelet properties if coadministration is required. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Herbs (Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet Properties) (eg, Alfalfa, Anise, Bilberry): May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Bleeding may occur. Management: Avoid combination when possible. If used, monitor more closely for evidence of bleeding. Discontinue herbal products with anticoagulant or antiplatelet actions 2 weeks prior to surgical, dental, or invasive procedures. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Hydroxychloroquine: Citalopram may enhance the hypoglycemic effect of Hydroxychloroquine. Hydroxychloroquine may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Citalopram. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Ibritumomab Tiuxetan: Agents with Antiplatelet Properties may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Ibritumomab Tiuxetan. Both agents may contribute to impaired platelet function and an increased risk of bleeding. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Ibrutinib: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Inotersen: May enhance the antiplatelet effect of Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Ioflupane I 123: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors may diminish the diagnostic effect of Ioflupane I 123. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Lasmiditan: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Limaprost: May enhance the antiplatelet effect of Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Linezolid: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Risk X: Avoid combination

Lofexidine: May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Antidepressants (Moderate Risk). QT-prolonging Antidepressants (Moderate Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Lofexidine. Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Lorcaserin (Withdrawn From US Market): May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Lumacaftor and Ivacaftor: May decrease the serum concentration of Citalopram. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Metaxalone: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Methylene Blue: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors may enhance the serotonergic effect of Methylene Blue. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Risk X: Avoid combination

Metoclopramide: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. Management: Seek alternatives to this combination when possible. Monitor patients receiving metoclopramide with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for signs of extrapyramidal symptoms, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and serotonin syndrome. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

MetyroSINE: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Mitotane: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Management: Doses of CYP3A4 substrates may need to be adjusted substantially when used in patients being treated with mitotane. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (Antidepressant): Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors may enhance the serotonergic effect of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (Antidepressant). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Risk X: Avoid combination

Multivitamins/Fluoride (with ADE): May enhance the antiplatelet effect of Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Multivitamins/Minerals (with ADEK, Folate, Iron): May enhance the antiplatelet effect of Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Multivitamins/Minerals (with AE, No Iron): May enhance the antiplatelet effect of Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Nefazodone: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents (COX-2 Selective): Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors may enhance the antiplatelet effect of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents (COX-2 Selective). Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents (COX-2 Selective) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents (Nonselective): Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors may enhance the antiplatelet effect of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents (Nonselective). Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents (Nonselective) may diminish the therapeutic effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. Management: Consider alternatives to NSAIDs. Monitor for evidence of bleeding and diminished antidepressant effects. It is unclear whether COX-2-selective NSAIDs reduce risk. Exceptions: Diclofenac (Topical); Ibuprofen (Topical); Piroxicam (Topical). Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents (Topical): May enhance the antiplatelet effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Obinutuzumab: Agents with Antiplatelet Properties may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Obinutuzumab. Specifically, the risk of serious bleeding-related events may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Omega-3 Fatty Acids: May enhance the antiplatelet effect of Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Omeprazole: May increase the serum concentration of Citalopram. Management: Limit citalopram dose to a maximum of 20 mg/day if used with omeprazole. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Ondansetron: May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Antidepressants (Moderate Risk). Ondansetron may enhance the serotonergic effect of QT-prolonging Antidepressants (Moderate Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation, ventricular arrhythmias, and serotonin syndrome when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation or serotonin syndrome may be at even higher risk. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Opioid Agonists: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Exceptions: FentaNYL; Meperidine; TraMADol. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Oxitriptan: Serotonergic Agents (High Risk) may enhance the serotonergic effect of Oxitriptan. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Pentamidine (Systemic): May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Antidepressants (Moderate Risk). Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Specifically, the risk of bleeding may be increased by concurrent use of these agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Pentoxifylline: May enhance the antiplatelet effect of Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Perhexiline: CYP2D6 Inhibitors (Weak) may increase the serum concentration of Perhexiline. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Pimozide: May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Agents (Moderate Risk). Risk X: Avoid combination

Prostacyclin Analogues: May enhance the antiplatelet effect of Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Risk C: Monitor therapy

QT-prolonging Agents (Highest Risk): May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Citalopram. Risk X: Avoid combination

QT-prolonging Antipsychotics (Moderate Risk): May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Antidepressants (Moderate Risk). Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Exceptions: Pimozide. Risk C: Monitor therapy

QT-prolonging Class IC Antiarrhythmics (Moderate Risk): May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Antidepressants (Moderate Risk). Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk C: Monitor therapy

QT-prolonging Kinase Inhibitors (Moderate Risk): QT-prolonging Antidepressants (Moderate Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Kinase Inhibitors (Moderate Risk). Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Exceptions: Gilteritinib. Risk C: Monitor therapy

QT-prolonging Miscellaneous Agents (Moderate Risk): QT-prolonging Antidepressants (Moderate Risk) may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Miscellaneous Agents (Moderate Risk). Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Exceptions: Domperidone; Lofexidine. Risk C: Monitor therapy

QT-prolonging Moderate CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Moderate Risk): Citalopram may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Moderate CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Moderate Risk). QT-prolonging Moderate CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Moderate Risk) may increase the serum concentration of Citalopram. Exceptions: Fluconazole. Risk C: Monitor therapy

QT-prolonging Quinolone Antibiotics (Moderate Risk): May enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Antidepressants (Moderate Risk). Management: Monitor for QTc interval prolongation and ventricular arrhythmias when these agents are combined. Patients with additional risk factors for QTc prolongation may be at even higher risk. Risk C: Monitor therapy

QT-prolonging Strong CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Moderate Risk): Citalopram may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of QT-prolonging Strong CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Moderate Risk). QT-prolonging Strong CYP3A4 Inhibitors (Moderate Risk) may increase the serum concentration of Citalopram. Exceptions: Voriconazole. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Ramosetron: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Rasagiline: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors may enhance the serotonergic effect of Rasagiline. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Risk X: Avoid combination

RifAMPin: May decrease the serum concentration of Citalopram. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Rivaroxaban: Agents with Antiplatelet Properties may enhance the anticoagulant effect of Rivaroxaban. Management: Carefully consider risks and benefits of this combination and monitor closely; Canadian labeling recommends avoiding prasugrel or ticagrelor. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Safinamide: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Use the lowest effective dose of SSRIs in patients treated with safinamide and monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Salicylates: Agents with Antiplatelet Properties may enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Salicylates. Increased risk of bleeding may result. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Sarilumab: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Risk C: Monitor therapy

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: Citalopram may enhance the antiplatelet effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. Citalopram may enhance the serotonergic effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. In addition, monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding. Exceptions: Dapoxetine; Escitalopram; FLUoxetine; FluvoxaMINE. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Selegiline: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors may enhance the serotonergic effect of Selegiline. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Risk X: Avoid combination

Serotonergic Agents (High Risk, Miscellaneous): May enhance the serotonergic effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Serotonergic Non-Opioid CNS Depressants: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors may enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Non-Opioid CNS Depressants. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Serotonergic Opioids (High Risk): May enhance the serotonergic effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) if these agents are combined. Exceptions: TraMADol. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Serotonin 5-HT1D Receptor Agonists (Triptans): May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Exceptions: Almotriptan; Eletriptan. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors may enhance the antiplatelet effect of Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors may enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonin/Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors. This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. In addition, monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding. Exceptions: DULoxetine. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Siltuximab: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Risk C: Monitor therapy

St John's Wort: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. St John's Wort may decrease the serum concentration of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Syrian Rue: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Serotonergic Agents (High Risk). This could result in serotonin syndrome. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Thiazide and Thiazide-Like Diuretics: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors may enhance the hyponatremic effect of Thiazide and Thiazide-Like Diuretics. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Thrombolytic Agents: Agents with Antiplatelet Properties may enhance the anticoagulant effect of Thrombolytic Agents. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Thyroid Products: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors may diminish the therapeutic effect of Thyroid Products. Thyroid product dose requirements may be increased. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Tipranavir: May enhance the antiplatelet effect of Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Tocilizumab: May decrease the serum concentration of CYP3A4 Substrates (High risk with Inducers). Risk C: Monitor therapy

TraMADol: May enhance the adverse/toxic effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors. Specifically, the risk for serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity and seizures may be increased. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) and seizures when these agents are combined. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Tricyclic Antidepressants: May enhance the serotonergic effect of Citalopram. Tricyclic Antidepressants may increase the serum concentration of Citalopram. Citalopram may increase the serum concentration of Tricyclic Antidepressants. Management: Monitor for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome/serotonin toxicity (eg, hyperreflexia, clonus, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, tremor, autonomic instability, mental status changes) and increased TCA and citalopram concentrations/effects. Exceptions: Doxepin (Systemic); Doxepin (Topical). Risk C: Monitor therapy

Urokinase: Agents with Antiplatelet Properties may enhance the anticoagulant effect of Urokinase. Risk X: Avoid combination

Vitamin E (Systemic): May enhance the antiplatelet effect of Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Vitamin K Antagonists (eg, warfarin): Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors may enhance the anticoagulant effect of Vitamin K Antagonists. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Voriconazole: Citalopram may enhance the QTc-prolonging effect of Voriconazole. Voriconazole may increase the serum concentration of Citalopram. Management: Limit citalopram dose to a maximum of 20 mg/day if used with voriconazole, which is a moderate CYP2C19 inhibitor. Risk D: Consider therapy modification

Zanubrutinib: May enhance the antiplatelet effect of Agents with Antiplatelet Properties. Risk C: Monitor therapy

Gene Testing May Be Considered

• CYP2C19 - Citalopram

Genes of Interest

• Brain-Derived Neurotropic Factor
• Cytochrome P450 2C19
• Cytochrome P450 2D6
• Cytochrome P450 3A4
• FK506 Binding Protein 5
• G protein beta subunit 3
• Monoamine Oxidase A
• Serotonin Receptor 2A
• Solute Carrier 6A4

Monitoring Parameters

ECG (patients at increased risk for QT-prolonging effects due to certain conditions); electrolytes (potassium, and magnesium concentrations [prior to initiation and periodically during therapy in patients at increased risk for electrolyte abnormalities]); liver and renal function tests (baseline; as clinically indicated); serum sodium in at-risk populations (as clinically indicated); CBC (as clinically indicated); suicidal ideation (baseline and with dose changes)

Advanced Practitioners Physical Assessment/Monitoring

Assess mental status prior to initiation; close follow-up during first few months of treatment should provide ongoing evaluation of mood, with attention to any signs of clinical worsening, suicide ideation, sedation, anxiety, poor social functioning, mania, or panic attack. Obtain baseline EKG prior to initiation in patients at risk of prolonged QT, and then again at 1 month, and again once at target dose. Monitor for signs of hyponatremia as this has been infrequently reported, increased bleeding times, and sexual dysfunction. GI side effects are usually transient and will stop after 1-2 weeks of usage. Taper dosage slowly when discontinuing.

Nursing Physical Assessment/Monitoring

Assess mental status: Mood (depression or mania), signs of clinical worsening, suicide ideation, anxiety, social functioning, sleep pattern, loss of appetite, or any new physical complaint. Assess gastrointestinal tolerance.

Dosage Forms: US

Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.

Solution, Oral:

Generic: 10 mg/5 mL (10 mL, 240 mL)

Tablet, Oral:

CeleXA: 10 mg

CeleXA: 20 mg, 40 mg [scored]

Generic: 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg

Dosage Forms: Canada

Excipient information presented when available (limited, particularly for generics); consult specific product labeling.

Tablet, Oral:

CeleXA: 20 mg, 40 mg

CTP 30: 30 mg

Generic: 10 mg, 20 mg, 40 mg

Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification

• N06AB04

Generic Available (US)

Yes

Pricing: US

Solution (Citalopram Hydrobromide Oral)

10 mg/5 mL (per mL): $0.49 - $0.98

Tablets (CeleXA Oral)

10 mg (per each): $10.89

20 mg (per each): $11.35

40 mg (per each): $11.85

Tablets (Citalopram Hydrobromide Oral)

10 mg (per each): $2.43 - $2.62

20 mg (per each): $2.53 - $2.73

40 mg (per each): $2.64 - $2.85

Disclaimer: A representative AWP (Average Wholesale Price) price or price range is provided as reference price only. A range is provided when more than one manufacturer's AWP price is available and uses the low and high price reported by the manufacturers to determine the range. The pricing data should be used for benchmarking purposes only, and as such should not be used alone to set or adjudicate any prices for reimbursement or purchasing functions or considered to be an exact price for a single product and/or manufacturer. Medi-Span expressly disclaims all warranties of any kind or nature, whether express or implied, and assumes no liability with respect to accuracy of price or price range data published in its solutions. In no event shall Medi-Span be liable for special, indirect, incidental, or consequential damages arising from use of price or price range data. Pricing data is updated monthly.

Mechanism of Action

A racemic bicyclic phthalane derivative, citalopram selectively inhibits serotonin reuptake in the presynaptic neurons and has minimal effects on norepinephrine or dopamine. Uptake inhibition of serotonin is primarily due to the S-enantiomer of citalopram. Displays little to no affinity for serotonin, dopamine, adrenergic, histamine, GABA, or muscarinic receptor subtypes.

Pharmacodynamics/Kinetics

Onset of action: Depression: The onset of action is 1 to 4 weeks; however, individual response varies greatly and full response may not be seen until 8 to 12 weeks after initiation of treatment.

Duration: 1 to 2 days

Distribution: Vd: 12 L/kg

Protein binding, plasma: ~80%

Metabolism: Extensively hepatic, via CYP3A4 and 2C19 (major pathways), and 2D6 (minor pathway); metabolized to demethylcitalopram (DCT), didemethylcitalopram (DDCT), citalopram-N-oxide, and a deaminated propionic acid derivative, which are at least eight times less potent than citalopram

Bioavailability: 80%; tablets and oral solution are bioequivalent

Half-life elimination: 24 to 48 hours (average: 35 hours); doubled with hepatic impairment and increased by 30% (following multiple doses) to 50% (following single dose) in elderly patients (≥60 years)

Time to peak, serum: 1 to 6 hours, average within 4 hours

Excretion: Urine (Citalopram 10% and DCT 5%)

Note: Clearance was decreased, while half-life was significantly increased in patients with hepatic impairment. Mild to moderate renal impairment may reduce clearance (17%) and prolong half-life of citalopram. No pharmacokinetic information is available concerning patients with severe renal impairment. AUC and half-life were significantly increased in elderly patients (≥60 years), and in poor CYP2C19 metabolizers, steady state Cmax and AUC was increased by 68% and 107%, respectively.

Pharmacodynamics/Kinetics: Additional Considerations

Renal function impairment: Oral clearance decreased 17% in mild to moderate renal impairment.

Hepatic function impairment: Oral clearance decreased 37% and half-life doubled in reduced hepatic function.

Geriatric: Multiple dose: AUC increased 23% and half-life increased 30%. Single dose: AUC increased 30% and half-life increased 50%.

Gender: AUC in women was 1.5 to 2 times that in men in 3 studies; no difference was observed in 5 other studies.

Local Anesthetic/Vasoconstrictor Precautions

Although caution should be used in patients taking tricyclic antidepressants, no interactions have been reported with vasoconstrictors and citalopram, a nontricyclic antidepressant which acts to increase serotonin; no precautions appear to be needed

Citalopram is one of the drugs confirmed to prolong the QT interval and is accepted as having a risk of causing torsade de pointes. The risk of drug-induced torsade de pointes is extremely low when a single QT interval prolonging drug is prescribed. In terms of epinephrine, it is not known what effect vasoconstrictors in the local anesthetic regimen will have in patients with a known history of congenital prolonged QT interval or in patients taking any medication that prolongs the QT interval. Until more information is obtained, it is suggested that the clinician consult with the physician prior to the use of a vasoconstrictor in suspected patients, and that the vasoconstrictor (epinephrine, mepivacaine and levonordefrin [Carbocaine® 2% with Neo-Cobefrin®]) be used with caution.

Dental Health Professional Considerations

Problems with SSRI-induced bruxism have been reported and may preclude their use; clinicians attempting to evaluate any patient with bruxism or involuntary muscle movement, who is simultaneously being treated with an SSRI drug, should be aware of the potential association.

Also see Local Anesthetic/Vasoconstrictor Precautions

Effects on Dental Treatment

Key adverse event(s) related to dental treatment: Xerostomia (normal salivary flow resumes upon discontinuation). Premarketing trials reported abnormal taste. See Effects on Bleeding and Dental Health Professional Considerations.

Effects on Bleeding

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, such as citalopram, may impair platelet aggregation due to platelet serotonin depletion, possibly increasing the risk of a bleeding complication. The risk of a bleeding complication can be increased by coadministration of other antiplatelet agents, such as NSAIDs and aspirin.

Related Information

• Antidepressant Receptor Profile
• Beers Criteria 2019: Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use in Older Adults ≥65 Years of Age
• Comparison of Antidepressant Adverse Effects
• Drug-Induced Prolongation of the QT Interval and Torsades de Pointes
• Drugs With Actionable Pharmacogenomic Recommendations
• Relative Infant Dose
• Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) Pharmacokinetics
• Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) Receptor Profile

Index Terms

Citalopram Hydrobromide; Nitalapram

FDA Approval Date

July 17, 1998

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Brand Names: International

Ansiodex (PY); Arpolax (BD, HK); Celapram (AU, NZ); Celica (AU); Ceropam (EG); Cimal (CL); Ciprager (IE); Cipram (AE, BF, BH, BJ, CI, CY, EG, ET, GH, GM, GN, GR, HK, ID, IQ, IR, JO, KE, KR, KW, LB, LR, LY, MA, ML, MR, MU, MW, MY, NE, NG, OM, PK, QA, SA, SC, SD, SG, SL, SN, SY, TH, TN, TR, TW, TZ, UG, YE, ZM, ZW); Cipramax (EG); Cipramil (AU, BE, BR, CL, CN, DE, DK, EE, FI, GB, IE, IL, LU, NL, NO, NZ, PE, PL, RU, SE, UA, VN, ZA); Ciprotan (IE); Ciram (SG); Citaalogen (JO); Citadep (LK); Cital (MY); Citalo (EG); Citalogen (AE, BH, KW, QA, SA); Citalon (HR); Citalvir (ES); Citao (TW); Citapram (BD); Citazone (CO); Citopam (IN, LK); Citox (MX); Citrol (IE); Denyl (BR); Depaway (EG); Feliz (LK, PH); Humorap (PY); Kitapram (TW); Lecital (BH, EG, LB, QA, SA); Linisan (RO); Lopram (AE, BH, KW, QA); Lowdep (VN); Oropram (MT); Pram (UA); Prepram (MX); Prisdal (ES); Psiconor (UY); Recital (IL); Selon (HK); Sepram (FI); Seropram (AT, BG, CH, CZ, ES, FR, GR, HU, IT, MX, VE); Starcitin (HR); Talam (AU, HK); Talosin (MT); Xylorane (MX); Zentius (AR, CL, EC); Zinetron (MX)

Last Updated 3/21/20