The purpose of these CT protocol pages is to provide a reference for radiology residents, fellows and technologists when prescribing a CT examination. Given the rapid evolution of CT technology in the past decade, the number of applications for CT has expanded greatly and the techniques for performing the optimal exam have also increased. The CT exam can now be more effectively tailored to the presumed diagnosis. This reference is meant to serve as a guideline for prescribing CT examinations, and should be modified as needed for a particular patient.

Lifespan, Rhode Island's first health system, was founded in 1994 by Rhode Island Hospital and The Miriam Hospital. A comprehensive, integrated, academic health system with The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Lifespan's present partners also include Rhode Island Hospital's pediatric division, Hasbro Children's Hospital; Bradley Hospital; Newport Hospital; Gateway Healthcare; Lifespan Physician Group; and Coastal Medical.


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At the October 2006 Texas Board of Nursing (Board or BON) meeting, the Board charged the Nursing Practice Advisory Committee (NPAC) to develop a position statement on nursing work hours and the impact of fatigue on patient safety.

The duty of every nurse is to provide safe patient care, and this duty supersedes any employment related requirements. Once a nurse assumes duty of a patient, the nurse has a regulatory responsibility to provide safe patient care in accordance with all applicable laws, rules and regulations.

The American Nurses Association has information on their website concerning Nurse Fatigue and a Position Statement (Addressing Nurse Fatigue to Promote Safety and Health: Joint Responsibilities of Registered Nurses and Employers to Reduce Risks) that may serve as additional resources for nurses considering work hours and nurse fatigue.

While the Board does not have purview over employment issues, specialty nursing organizations exist to serve their members and may be able to provide nurses with additional guidance related to their practice setting. Nurses with employment issues may wish to contact nursing specialty organizations and associations related to their area of practice as these groups may have more specific guidance on nurse to patient ratios for a given specialty area. 


Nurses in my facility are often required to float from their home unit to other care units where they do not have clinical competence and/or clinical experience. What is the duty of the nurse when it comes to floating to different clinical units (i.e., adult, pediatric, ER, etc.)? Can a nurse invoke safe harbor? If so, how do nurses invoke safe harbor? 


The changes created by SB 476 are applicable to you if you work in a hospital and, among other things, require hospitals to have a nurse staffing committee, policy, and plan to ensure that an adequate number and skill mix of nurses are available to meet the level of patient care needed. Further, the staffing plan must include a method for adjusting the staffing plan for each patient care unit to provide staffing flexibility to meet patient needs and a contingency plan when patient care needs unexpectedly exceed direct patient care staff resources. Floating ...

Nurses are required to "know and conform" to the NPA and Board Rules, both of which have the force of law for licensed nurses (LVN, RN, or APRN). Nurses that may be required to float to assist another unit and nurses whom are confronted with a potentially unsafe practice situation should be familiar with the Standards of Nursing Practice, found in Board Rule 217.11. There may be a variety of reasons that may lead an employer to request a nurse practicing in Texas to change their primary area of practice. Transitioning from one area of practice to another, especially an area the nurse is unfamiliar with, may affect the nurse's ability to provide safe and effective nursing care that complies with the Nursing Practice Act and Board Rules.

It should also be noted that Texas Administrative Code, Rule 217.12 Unprofessional Conduct regarding leaving a nursing assignment does not apply to the situation where the nurse completes his or her scheduled shift, and then turns in notification of job resignation.


All nurses, regardless of practice setting, position, title or role, are required to adhere to the NPA and other statutes, as well as the Board Rules. Two of the main rules that relate to nursing practice are Texas Administrative Code, Rule 217.11 Standards of Nursing Practice, and Texas Administrative Code, Rule 217.12 Unprofessional Conduct.

The standard that serves as the foundation for all other standards is Rule 217.11(1) (B) "...maintain a safe environment for clients and others." This standard supersedes any physician order, facility policy, or administrative directive. The concept of the nurse's duty to maintain client safety also serves as the basis for behavior that could be considered unprofessional conduct by a nurse.

BON Position Statement 15.14, Duty of a Nurse in Any Setting, explains the nurse's duty that was established by a landmark case, Lunsford v. Board of Nurse Examiners. As the case of Lunsford points out, when a nurse knows, or should have known that a situation potentially places a patient at risk of harm, the nurse has a duty to intervene. The nurse's knowledge based on educational preparation, experience, and licensure establishes that the nurse understands the minimum standards of care and has the ability and duty to recognize potentially harmful situations for the patient.

This is why the nurse's duty does not incur solely based on a nurse being "assigned" to provide nursing care to a patient. A nurse who has knowledge that a situation places a patient at risk of harm has a duty to the patient or potential patient, as in Lunsford.

The Texas Nursing Practice Act (NPA) and Texas Board of Nursing (Board or BON) Rules are written broadly so they can apply to nursing practice in any setting. As such, the BON does not provide an all-purpose list of tasks that every nurse can perform, nor does the Board provide step-by-step procedures regarding how certain tasks are to be carried out by a nurse.

Board Rule 217.11 Standards of Nursing Practice , is an important reference for nurses in making a scope of practice determination as it outlines the minimum standards of nursing practice applicable to all levels of licensure (LVN, RN, and APRN). The specific standards that apply to all nurses in nearly every situation include:


Additional standards of nursing practice outlined within Board Rule 217.11 will also likely apply, depending on the situation at hand. When making a scope of practice decision, a nurse should, among other things, reflect upon whether or not he/she can uphold the Standards of Nursing Practice when accepting a particular assignment and/or performing a particular activity/task/procedure.


Nurses have a duty to report patient information, including mental health information, to members of law enforcement, a patient's family and others when a patient is a serious danger to himself or others.

In January 2013, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services - Office for Civil Rights issued clarification regarding the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) titled, Message to Our Nation's Health Care Providers. The message can be found at -professionals/index.html Revised 2017

I currently work in an ICU. I had an opportunity to care for a patient/nurse (who was a nurse at another facility) who overdosed. She was transferred, when stable, to a treatment center by court order. I was told we cannot report her to the board due to HIPAA. My question is, "How do we plan to handle this type of incident in the future?" "Will there be any specific changes made to address problems like this in the future?" I understand with the renewal of our license we must answer the question of treatment for use of "alcohol or any other drug." But if there is no report of her being in the hospital for treatment, due to HIPAA, it's possible that she may not answer the question truthfully. Can you please help with these questions. I appreciate your time.

Whether a nurse is admitted for an overdose of a substance, or admitted secondary to some type of accident related to being under the influence of any mind-altering substance, the answer would remain the same.

Yes, Position Statement 15.20, Registered Nurses in the Management of an Unwitnessed Arrest in a Resident in a Long-Term Care Facility. The purpose of this position statement is to provide recommendations and guidance to clarify issues for compassionate end-of-life care for residents residing in long-term care facilities only. This position statement is specific to long-term care facilities and is not to be construed as applicable to other healthcare settings in which nurses are employed.

In the case of an unwitnessed resident arrest without DNR orders in a long-term care facility, determination of the appropriateness of CPR initiation should be undertaken by the registered nurse through a resident assessment; and, interventions appropriate to the findings should be initiated. After assessment of the resident is completed and appropriate interventions are implemented, documentation of the circumstances and the assessment of the resident in the medical record are required.

The American Heart Association recommends that all clients receive CPR immediately unless attempts at CPR would be futile, such as when clients exhibit obvious clinical signs of irreversible death. Obvious clinical signs of irreversible death include decapitation (separation of head from body), decomposition (putrefactive process; decay), dependent lividity (dark blue staining of the dependent surface of a cadaver, resulting from blood pooling and congestion), transection, or rigor mortis (body stiffness that occurs within two to four hours after death and may take 12 hours to fully develop). 152ee80cbc

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