Multiple exponence in the Karakalpak causative
Multiple exponence in the Karakalpak causative
Karakalpak is an understudied Kipchak language spoken in the Republic of Karakalpakstan in Uzbekistan. As in many other Turkic languages, causative suffixes in Karakalpak may vacuously iterate. Bakhitgul Kdirbaeva and I document some novel aspects of these constructions. Unlike languages previously described as exhibiting iterated causative expressions, Karakalpak exhibits variable affix order without any change in meaning. Causatives may also occur simultaneously on two elements in converbial V+V linking constructions. Such constructions are thus not instances of morphological reduplication, but rather exhibit—in multiple ways—an instance of true multiple exponence (ME).