Implications for Counselors

1. HLT calls for curiosity, persistence, flexibility, optimism, and risk-taking (Krumboltz, 2009); effectively lining up with behaviors of growth mindset (Dweck, 2006).
   1. Also use assessments to stimulate learning and view personal growth with occupation characteristics.
2. Counselors can use mindset with intentionality in their work with HLT and career counseling theory.
   1. As they begin to orient client expectations (the first step for HLT), by working to prepare clients for unplanned events and give examples of ongoing change in the world of work.
3. Students demonstrating the Permanence theme are working with anxious feelings about themselves and future.
   1. Counselors should always start by communicating their empathetic understanding of the student’s situation (Krumboltz, 2011).
   2. Then work through HLT to help orient clients towards the unplanned happenstance and change— growth mindset.
4. Students may also demonstrate tension as they move from a fixed to growth mindset; specifically demonstrating discomfort with discussing money, job stability, happiness, or rightness. Students working to understand different paradoxical decisions (i.e. money vs. happiness).
   1. Explore the feelings associated with this tension, and construct new understandings for career goals.
   2. Encourage students to move away from goals orienting around one lifetime occupation instead encourage the student’s goal to relate to creating a more satisfying life for themselves
   3. With the ever changing world of work, help the student improve their feelings about work and life, instead of fostering a fixed mind-set around the need for perfection.
5. Help clients assess accomplishments in the real world, outside the counseling session, through interaction with their social environment. clients learn to engage in exploratory actions as a way of generating beneficial unplanned events; instilling movement towards a growth mindset.
   1. "Describe an event or non-event that put you in the right place at the right time; what did you do to put yourself in that position? How did you take advantage of it? How can you increase the likelihood of a chance event?”
   2. Informational interviews with professionals, or attending a career panels where successful people talk about the chance event that led them to their current position.

“I have a hard time picking a major/career b/c there are so many options. Furthermore, I want to be passionate and happy in whatever I choose, but also make a decent income.”

References

Anderson, W. P., & Niles, S. G. (2000). Important events in career counseling: Client and counselor

descriptions. The career development quarterly, 48(3), 251-263.

doi:10.1002/j.2161-0045.2000.tb00290.x.

Bauer, M. W., & Gaskell, G. (Eds.). (2000). Qualitative researching with text, image and sound: A practical

handbook for social research. Las Angeles, CA: Sage.

Betz, N. E., & Serling, D. A. (1993). Construct validity of fear of commitment as an indicator of

career indecisiveness. Journal of Career Assessment, 1, 21–34. doi:10.1177/106907279300100104.

Blumenstyk, G. (2015). American higher education in crisis?. New York, NY: Oxford

University Press.

Boeije, H. (2002). A purposeful approach to the constant comparative method in the analysis of

qualitative interviews. Quality & quantity, 36(4), 391-409. doi:10.1023%2FA%3A1020909529486?.

Bullock-Yowell, E., McConnell, A., & Schedin, E. (2014). Decided and Undecided Students;

Career Self-efficacy, Negative Thinking, and Decision-Making Difficulties. NACADA Journal, 34 (1), 22-34.

Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Employment Projections, Median weekly earnings by

educational attainment in 2016 https://www.bls.gov/emp/ep_chart_001.htm(visited June 12, 2017).

Brown, D. (2015). Career information, career counseling and career development. New York,

NY: Pearson.

Chien, J. C., Fischer, J. M., & Biller, E. (2006). Evaluating a metacognitive and planned happenstance career

training course for Taiwanese college students. Journal of Employment Counseling, 43(4), 146-153. doi:

10.1002/j.2161-1920.2006.tb00014.x.

Chiu, C., Hong, Y., & Dweck, C. S. (1997). Lay dispositionism and implicit theories of Personality. Journal of

Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 19–30. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.19.

Darling-Hammond, L., Wilhoit, G., & Pittenger, L. (2014). Accountability for college and

career readiness: Developing a new paradigm. education policy analysis archives, 22(86),

86. doi: 10/2750/275031898031.

Drago, F. (2011). Self-Esteem and Earnings. Journal of Economic Psychology, 32 (3), 480–488.

doi: 10.1016/j.joep.2011.03.015

Dweck, C. S. (2010). Even geniuses work hard. Educational Leadership, 68(1), 16-20.

Dweck, C. S. (2006). Mindset: The new psychology of success. New York, NY: Random House.

Dweck, C. S., & Leggett, E. L. (1988). A social cognitive approach to motivation and personality.

Psychological Review, 95, 256–273. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.95.2.256.

Finlay, L., & Gough, B. (Eds.). (2008). Reflexivity: A practical guide for researchers in health and social

sciences. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.

Freeman, M., Preissle, J., Roulston, K., & Pierre, E. A. S. (2007). Standards of evidence in qualitative research:

An incitement to discourse. Educational researcher, 36(1), 25-32. dio: 10.3102/0013189x06298009.

Frost, D. M. (2014). Markers of quality and best practices in qualitative inquiry: Introduction to the special

section. Qualitative Psychology, 1(1), 47. doi: 10.1037/qup0000008.

Germeijs, V., Luyckx, K., Notelaers, G., Goossens, L., & Verschueren, K. (2012). Choosing a

major in higher education: profiles of students’ decision-making process. Contemporary

Educational Psychology, 37(3), 229-239. doi: 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2011.12.002.

Gloria, A. M., & Hird, J. S. (1999). Influences of ethnic and non-ethnic variables on the career

decision-making self-efficacy of college students. The Career Development

Quarterly, 48, 157–174. doi: 10.1002/j.2161-0045.1999.tb00282.x

Golafshani, N. (2003). Understanding reliability and validity in qualitative research. The

Qualitative Report, 8(4), 597-606. Retrieved fromhttp://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol8/iss4/6.

Goldsmith, A. H., Veum, J. R., & Darity, W., Jr. (1997). The Impact of Psychological and Human Capital on

Wages. Economic Inquiry, 35 (4), 815–829. doi: 10.1111/j.1465-7295.1997.tb01966.x.

Grove, R. W. (1988). An analysis of the constant comparative method. International Journal of Qualitative

Studies in Education, 1(3), 273-279. doi: 10.1080/0951839900030105a.

Hagevik, S. (2000). Planned happenstance. Journal of Environmental Health, 62(9), 39.

Heckman, J. J., Stixrud, J., & Urzua, S. (2006). The effects of cognitive and noncognitive abilities on labor

market outcomes and social behavior. Journal of Labor Economics, 24 (3), 411–482. doi:

10.1086/504455.

Johs-Artisensi, J. L., Olson, D. M., & Nahm, A. Y. (2016). Development of a self-assessment

tool to facilitate decision-making in choosing a long-term care administration

major. Educational Gerontology, 42(1), 1-18. doi: 10.1080/03601277.2015.1051414.

Krumboltz, J. D. (1993). Integrating career and personal counseling. The Career Development Quarterly, 42(2),

143-148. doi: 10.1002/j.2161-0045.1993.tb00427.x.

Krumboltz, J. D. (2009). The happenstance learning theory. Journal of Career Assessment, 17(2), 135-154. doi:

10.1177/1069072708328861.

Krumboltz, J.D. (2011). Capitalizing on happenstance. Journal of Employment Counseling, 48,

156-158.

Krumboltz, J. D., Foley, P. F., & Cotter, E. W. (2013). Applying the happenstance learning theory to involuntary

career transitions. The Career Development Quarterly, 61(1), 1526.

doi:10.1002/j.2161-0045.2013.00032.x.

Kukla, A. (2000). Social constructivism and the philosophy of science. Psychology Press. New

York, NY: Routledge.

Lewis, J. (2001). Career and personal counseling: comparing process and outcome. Journal Of Employment

Counseling, 38(2), 82. doi: 10.1002/j.2161-1920.2001.tb00834.x.

Lucas, Angela, "Decisions, Decisions, Decisions: How Undecided, Second Year Students in the

College of Arts and Sciences Engage in the Decision Making Process of Choosing a

Major" (2013). Stander Symposium Posters. 298. http://ecommons.udayton.edu/stander_posters/298

Luke, C., & Field, T. A. (2017). Neuro‐informed career‐focused counseling. Neurocounseling: Brain‐Based

Clinical Approaches, 195-210.

Mitchell, K. E., Levin, S., & Krumboltz, J. D. (1999). Planned happenstance: Constructing unexpected career

opportunities. Journal of counseling & Development, 77(2), 115-124. doi:

10.1002/j.1556-6676.1999.tb02431.x.

National Association of Colleges and Employers (NACE). January 2011. NACE 2010–2011 career services

benchmark survey for four-year colleges and universities, January, Bethlehem, PA.

Neuendorf, K. A. (2016). The content analysis guidebook. Los Angeles, CA: Sage publications.

Osipow, S. H. (1999). Assessing career indecision. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 55, 147 154. doi:10.1006/

jvbe.1999.1704

Powell, K. C., & Kalina, C. J. (2009). Cognitive and social constructivism: Developing tools for an effective

classroom. Education, 130(2), 241.

Sandelowski, M. (2000). Focus on research methods-whatever happened to qualitative description?. Research in

nursing and health, 23(4), 334-340. doi: 10.1002/nur.20362.

Savickas, M. L. (2011). Career counseling. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

Schwandt, T. A. (2014). The Sage dictionary of qualitative inquiry. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications.

Shenton, A. K. (2004). Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects. Education for

information, 22(2), 63-75. doi: 10.3233/EFI-2004-22201

Tracy, S. J. (2010). Qualitative quality: Eight “big-tent” criteria for excellent qualitative

research. Qualitative inquiry, 16(10), 837-851. doi: 1994-98625-000.

Waddell, G. R. (2006). Labor-Market Consequences of Poor Attitude and Low Self-Esteem in Youth. Economic

Inquiry, 44 (1), 69–97. doi: 10.1093/ei/cbj005.

Wolfe, J. B., & Betz, N. E. (2004). The relationship of attachment variables to career

decision‐making self‐efficacy and fear of commitment. The Career Development

Quarterly, 52(4), 363-369. doi: 10.1002/j.2161-0045.2004.tb00952.x

Xiao, H., Castonguay, L. G., Janis, R. A., Youn, S. J., Hayes, J. A., & Locke, B. D. (2017). Therapist Effects on

Dropout From a College Counseling Center Practice Research Network. Journal of counseling psychology. doi: 10.1037/cou0000208.

Zafar, B. (2013). College major choice and the gender gap. Journal of Human Resources, 48(3),

545-595. doi: 10.3368/jhr.48.3.545.