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In computer graphics, a _____, 1_______________, or 2_____________ is the fundamental unit of a texture map.[1] Textures are represented by arrays of texels representing the texture space, just as other images are represented by arrays of pixels.
When texturing a 3D surface or surfaces (a process known as texture mapping), the renderer maps texels to appropriate pixels in the geometric fragment (typically a triangle) in the output picture. On modern computers, this operation is accomplished on the graphics processing unit.
The texturing process starts with a location in space. The location can be in world space, but typically it is local to a model space so that the texture moves with the model. A projector function is applied to the location to change the location from a three-element vector ( ( u , v , z ) {\displaystyle \left(u,v,z\right)} ) to a two-element ( ( x , y ) {\displaystyle \left(x,y\right)} ) vector with values ranging from zero to one (uv).[3] These values are multiplied by the resolution of the texture to obtain the location of the texel. When a texel is requested that is not on an integer position, texture filtering is applied.
The Material ID Render Element3_______________________________________________________________________________________________________provides a mask for individual objects and materials that is easy to select in compositing software.
This render element either shows each material (by Material ID) as a solid unshaded color, or stores the Material IDs as integer values within the EXR format or VRay Image Format file. The Material ID for a material can be set in 3ds Max in the Material Editor.
The 4_______________ method supports antialiasing at the edges of objects where they meet other objects or the background. The 5______________________, which assigns a Material ID to each pixel in the render element, does not support antialiasing as each pixel can have only a single Material ID assigned to it.
This set of guidelines covers the properties of the Minecraft art style. It is intended to help you create models and textures that fit right into the vanilla game and to unify the terminology for the community to give more efficient and constructive feedback. Please keep in mind that not all of the mentioned principles apply universally to non-vanilla art styles or to art unrelated to Minecraft. If you plan to create Minecraft art and aren't fully familiar with the technical aspects of it, reading Blockbench Overview & Tips is highly recommended. It contains materials on how to properly use Blockbench and take full advantage of its features.
Minecraft's art style is founded in simplicity. The overall shape of an object should be defined by the model and most of the detail by the texture. It should always be a goal to keep the element count as low as possible while still accurately depicting the object. However, simplifying shapes shouldn't go too far, to the point where they are no longer recognizable.
Therefore, depicting slants and curves as stairs needs to be avoided. Rotating an element to create a slant instead is preferable. Rotated elements can be found in many Minecraft models, but their use needs to be justified. For example, rotating elements next to each other in order to form a curve does not conform with the Minecraft aesthetic.
Minecraft models utilize planes (elements with only 2 faces) and transparency, often together. Small parts of an object can be depicted by a single large element with certain pixels strategically being fully transparent. In the Minecraft art style, this solution is preferable to using many small elements to depict the same object/parts of an object.
The UV map defines how a texture is applied to the model. In Minecraft, a pixel on the texture corresponds to a pixel on the model (1 unit of scale in Blockbench). It is very important that the ratio of pixels is preserved on the model as well, i.e. that the texture does not get squashed or stretched.
In box UV mapping, the map of the elements is unwrapped automatically and works for all faces by default. In the image below, you can see an example of an unwrapped UV map (blue = north, yellow = south, pink = west, green = east, white = top, grey = bottom). North is normally in the front (e.g. that is where the face of a character or the door of a closet would be).
Much like pixels are picture elements (pix + el), mixels are elements of mixed resolutions, be it 2D or 3D. Most low-spec art (digitally restrictive art) avoids mixels altogether. Minecraft art, generally speaking, does not allow mixels (with the notable exception of slightly inflated elements on some models). Mixels on models are manifested as elements smaller than 1px (or 1 unit of scale in Blockbench) or overly inflated elements.
The dimensions of a Minecraft block are 16x16x16 pixels, which represents 1m, meaning that a single pixel is 6.25cm long. This ratio should be taken into account, but it does not always apply. Small objects being recognizable takes priority over being to scale (e.g. a bee would have to be smaller than 1px if it were perfectly proportionate).
In pixel art and, therefore, in Minecraft art, placing pixels needs to be deliberate. In order to achieve this, the use of purposefully restricted palettes and a set of tools without smoothness (pencil, shape tool, fill bucket and eraser) are necessary. The material properties need to be clearly defined.
Anti-aliasing or AA is a method of manually smoothing out the transition between shapes by placing differently colored pixels on the border. The egg on the left contains AA, the one on the right doesn't.
There are many possible ways for shading to go in the wrong direction, often by accident. Banding, in the broadest sense, is an artifact of pixels that line up in a sequence from brightest to darkest, whether in straight lines (a.k.a. fat lines or fat pixels), diagonal lines (a.k.a. staircase banding) or in corners (a.k.a. hugging). The reason it needs to be avoided is that it reveals the pixel grid, distracts the eye of the viewer and the shape is misrepresented. Banding usually appears when the artist tries to create anti-aliasing or has a hard time distributing the shades over a surface.
Jaggies are shapes (unintentional corners) in pixel art that appear due to lines/edges being unpolished or lacking anti-aliasing. Straight lines need to have a consistent step so that they wouldn't look unpolished. This has to do with the geometric properties of diagonals. Curves can also contain jaggies, usually visible as corners or diagonal lines (meant to represent round shapes).
When used with tact, Texture has the ability to really bring a design concept home. Texture plays a much more prominent role in 3D design mediums than it does in user interface design. But Texture still has its uses, and is a viable design element to employ if your target audience and aesthetic support it.
The table below summarizes the XML elements and their attributes in MJCF. Note that all information in MJCF is enteredthrough elements and attributes. Text content in elements is not used; if present, the parser ignores it.
MJCF files have a unique top-level element mujoco. The next-level elements are referred to assections. They are all optional. Some sections are merely used for grouping and have no attributes. Sections can berepeated, to facilitate merging of models via the include element. The order of attributes within anelement can be arbitrary. The order of child elements within a parent element can also be arbitrary, with fourexceptions:
The order of multiple actuator shortcuts in the same defaults class matters, because each shortcut sets theattributes of the single general element in that defaults class, overriding the previoussettings.
In the remainder of this chapter we describe all valid MJCF elements and their attributes. Some elements can be used inmultiple contexts, in which case their meaning depends on the parent element. This is why we always show the parent as aprefix in the documentation below.
These elements are not strictly part of the low-level MJCF format definition, but rather instruct the compiler toperform some operation on the model. A general property of meta-elements is that they disappear from the model uponsaving the XML. There are currently four meta-elements in MJCF:
The frame meta-element is a pure coordinate transformation that can wrap any group of elements in the kinematic tree(under worldbody). After compilation, frame elements disappear and their transformation is accumulatedin their direct children. The attributes of the frame meta-element are documented below.
This element does not strictly belong to MJCF. Instead it is a meta-element, used to assemble multiple XMLfiles in a single document object model (DOM) before parsing. The included file must be a valid XML file with a uniquetop-level element. This top-level element is removed by the parser, and the elements below it are inserted at thelocation of the include element. At least one element must be inserted as a result of this procedure. Theinclude element can be used where ever an XML element is expected in the MJCF file. Nested includes are allowed,however a given XML file can be included at most once in the entire model. After all the included XML files have beenassembled into a single DOM, it must correspond to a valid MJCF model. Other than that, it is up to the user to decidehow to use includes and how to modularize large files if desired.
This attribute controls a compiler optimization feature where static bodies are fused with their parent, and anyelements defined in those bodies are reassigned to the parent. This feature can only be used in models which do nothave elements capable of named references inside the kinematic tree - namely skins, contact pairs, excludes, tendons,actuators, sensors, tuples, cameras, lights. If a model has any these elements, fusestatic does nothing even ifenabled. This optimization is particularly useful when importing URDF models which often have many dummy bodies, butcan also be used to optimize MJCF models. After optimization, the new model has identical kinematics and dynamics asthe original but is faster to simulate. 5376163bf9
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