Marine Tracking

One of the most revolutionary technologies designed to track aquatic species is acoustic telemetry. This method of tracking allows scientists to monitor the movement of organisms beneath the water surface. At the Smithsonian Institution, scientists use acoustic telemetry to study marine organisms like sharks and rays. This groundbreaking technology uses acoustic transmitters and receivers to follow tagged individuals as they move throughout the Chesapeake Bay and along annual migrations around the world.

The antenna is configured with a fully weatherized radome suitable for extremely demanding environments including: mobile ground, coastal and marine installation. Systems operate on AC/DC power inputs from 22-32 VDC or 80-240 VAC. Environmental performance and testing is ongoing. *

Marine Tracking

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Once microplastics are in the ocean, they break down into even tinier particles (called nanoplastics) and accumulate in the food chain, posing a threat to fish and other marine organisms that ingest them. The most commonly used plastics break down into smaller and smaller pieces and never fully degrade in the ocean. Instead, they exist indefinitely.

Besides posing a potential threat to human health, microplastic pollution has steep economic impacts. About 20% of the global population relies on seafood for protein, and marine plastics endanger this food source by reducing the efficiency and productivity of aquaculture and commercial fisheries due to fish mortality. It is estimated that there is a marine ecosystem loss of between $3,300 to $33,000 annually for each ton of plastic that enters the ocean.

One of the challenges to understanding microplastics is access to large-scale, long-term comprehensive data. Until recently, the management of marine debris data from large-scale visual surveys along the coast and in the open ocean has lagged behind the needs of the scientific and decision-making community.

To address the need for easy access to global microplastic data, NCEI developed the publicly available NCEI Marine Microplastics Portal. The portal includes a database with all types of marine microplastics information that has been aggregated, archived, and delivered in a consistent and reliable manner. These data have been provided by contributors from various research cruises and fieldwork around the globe.

Southern Ocean ecosystems are under pressure from resource exploitation and climate change1,2. Mitigation requires the identification and protection of Areas of Ecological Significance (AESs), which have so far not been determined at the ocean-basin scale. Here, using assemblage-level tracking of marine predators, we identify AESs for this globally important region and assess current threats and protection levels. Integration of more than 4,000 tracks from 17 bird and mammal species reveals AESs around sub-Antarctic islands in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and over the Antarctic continental shelf. Fishing pressure is disproportionately concentrated inside AESs, and climate change over the next century is predicted to impose pressure on these areas, particularly around the Antarctic continent. At present, 7.1% of the ocean south of 40S is under formal protection, including 29% of the total AESs. The establishment and regular revision of networks of protection that encompass AESs are needed to provide long-term mitigation of growing pressures on Southern Ocean ecosystems.

The Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission (ASMFC) has implemented changes to fishery management plans for lobster and Jonah crab under Addendum XXIX and Addendum IV that require electronic vessel tracking for federally permitted vessels.

The goal of the addendum is to collect high resolution spatial and temporal data to characterize effort in the federal American lobster and Jonah crab fisheries for management and enforcement needs. These data will improve stock assessment, inform discussions and management decisions related to protected species and marine spatial planning, and enhance offshore enforcement.

VMS requirements apply to commercial fishing vessels registered for use with a Pacific Coast groundfish limited entry permit that fishes in state or Federal marine waters off the states of Washington, Oregon, or California. VMS is also required on any vessel that uses non-groundfish trawl gear to fish in the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and any vessel that uses open access gear to take, retain, or possess groundfish in the EEZ or land groundfish taken in the EEZ. In addition, VMS is also required on drift gillnet (DGN) vessels participating in Highly Migratory Species fisheries.

Monitoring global maritime activity is critical to safeguarding national security, identifying illicit ship-to-ship transfers, intercepting smugglers or sanctions evasion, and tracking illegal fishing in restricted areas, said Iain Goodridge, senior director of radio frequency geolocation products at Spire.

Offshore, boaters use an EPIRB. Adding an IOX-IRIDIUM would help both in the safety factor and tracking offshore. Hitting the Panic Button could tell family or friends, or the partner providing the service, that there is a problem. Not that help is easy to come by offshore...

Vessel tracking provides a near real-time overview of your fleet, incorporating security threats, risks, and regulatory zones. We offer complete situational awareness with global visibility and actionable intelligence to increase operational efficiency and support compliance.

The automatic identification system (AIS) is an automatic tracking system that uses transceivers on ships and is used by vessel traffic services (VTS). When satellites are used to receive AIS signatures, the term Satellite-AIS (S-AIS) is used. AIS information supplements marine radar, which continues to be the primary method of collision avoidance for water transport.[citation needed] Although technically and operationally distinct, the ADS-B system is analogous to AIS and performs a similar function for aircraft.

If a suitable chartplotter is not available, local area AIS transceiver signals may be viewed via a computer using one of several computer applications such as ShipPlotter, GNU AIS or OpenCPN. These demodulate the signal from a modified marine VHF radiotelephone tuned to the AIS frequencies and convert into a digital format that the computer can read and display on a monitor; this data may then be shared via a local or wide area network but will still be limited to the collective range of the radio receivers used in the network.[3]Because computer AIS monitoring applications and normal VHF radio transceivers do not possess AIS transceivers, they may be used by shore-based facilities that have no need to transmit or as an inexpensive alternative to a dedicated AIS device for smaller vessels to view local traffic but, of course, the user will remain unseen by other traffic on the network.

A secondary, unplanned and emerging use for AIS data is to make it viewable publicly, on the internet, without the need for an AIS receiver. Global AIS transceiver data collected from both satellite and internet-connected shore-based stations are aggregated and made available on the internet through a number of service providers. Data aggregated this way can be viewed on any internet-capable device to provide near global, real-time position data from anywhere in the world. Typical data includes vessel name, details, location, speed and heading on a map, is searchable, has potentially unlimited, global range and the history is archived. Most of this data is free of charge but satellite data and special services such as searching the archives are usually supplied at a cost. The data is a read-only view and the users will not be seen on the AIS network itself.Shore-based AIS receivers contributing to the internet are mostly run by a large number of volunteers.[4] AIS mobile apps are also readily available for use with Android, Windows and iOS devices. See External links below for a list of internet-based AIS service providers. Ship owners and cargo dispatchers use these services to find and track vessels and their cargoes while marine enthusiasts may add to their photograph collections.[5]

AIS was developed in the 1990s as a high intensity, short-range identification and tracking network. Shipboard and land-based AIS transceivers have a horizontal range that is highly variable, but typically only up to about 74 kilometres (46 mi). Approximate line-of-sight propagation limitations mean that terrestrial AIS (T-AIS) is lost beyond coastal waters.[7] In addition to port and maritime authority operated transceivers, there is large network of privately owned ones as well.

In 2007, the U.S. tested space-based AIS tracking with the TacSat-2 satellite. However, the received signals were corrupted because of the simultaneous receipt of many signals from the satellite footprint.[10]

ORBCOMM operates a global satellite network that includes 18 AIS-enabled satellites. ORBCOMM's OG2 (ORBCOMM Generation 2) satellites are equipped with an Automatic Identification System (AIS) payload to receive and report transmissions from AIS-equipped vessels for ship tracking and other maritime navigational and safety efforts, and download at ORBCOMM's sixteen existing earth stations around the globe.[16]

AIS transceivers automatically broadcast information, such as their position, speed, and navigational status, at regular intervals via a VHF transmitter built into the transceiver. The information originates from the ship's navigational sensors, typically its global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver and gyrocompass. Other information, such as the vessel name and VHF call sign, is programmed when installing the equipment and is also transmitted regularly. The signals are received by AIS transceivers fitted on other ships or on land based systems, such as VTS systems. The received information can be displayed on a screen or chart plotter, showing the other vessels' positions in much the same manner as a radar display. Data is transmitted via a tracking system which makes use of a self-organized time-division multiple access (SOTDMA) datalink designed by Swedish inventor Hkan Lans. e24fc04721