Mambas are fast-moving, highly venomous snakes of the genus Dendroaspis (which literally means "tree asp") in the family Elapidae. Four extant species are recognised currently; three of those four species are essentially arboreal and green in colour, whereas the black mamba, Dendroaspis polylepis, is largely terrestrial and generally brown or grey in colour. All are native to various regions in sub-Saharan Africa and all are feared throughout their ranges, especially the black mamba. In Africa there are many legends and stories about mambas.[2][3][4]
The three green species of mambas are arboreal, whereas the black mamba is largely terrestrial. All four species are active diurnal hunters, preying on birds, lizards, and small mammals. At nightfall some species, especially the terrestrial black mamba, shelter in a lair. A mamba may retain the same lair for years. Resembling a cobra, the threat display of a mamba includes rearing, opening the mouth and hissing. The black mamba's mouth is black within, which renders the threat more conspicuous. A rearing mamba has a narrower yet longer hood and tends to lean well forward, instead of standing erect as a cobra does.
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Stories of black mambas that chase and attack humans are common, but in fact the snakes generally avoid contact with humans.[5] The black mamba (Dendroaspis polylepis) is a highly venomous snake species native to various parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Black mambas are fast-moving, nervous snakes that will strike when threatened. According to findings by Branch (2016), their venom comprises neurotoxins and cardiotoxins that can rapidly induce symptoms, including dizziness, extreme fatigue, vision problems, foaming at the mouth, paralysis, convulsions, and eventual death from respiratory or cardiac failure if untreated. Although black mamba venom is highly toxic, antivenom is available and can treat envenomation promptly.
Most apparent cases of pursuit probably are examples of where witnesses have mistaken the snake's attempt to retreat to its lair when a human happens to be in the way.[6] The black mamba usually uses its speed to escape from threats, and humans actually are their main predators, rather than prey.[2]
All mambas have medically significant venom, with dendrotoxins, short chain alpha-neurotoxins, cardiotoxins and fasciculins.[7][2][8] All mambas are classified as snakes of medical importance by the World Health Organization.[9][a]
Toxicity alone does not determine severity of envenomation; other factors include the snake's temperament, venom yields, proximity of wounds to the CNS and depth of punctures.[14] Bites by all members of this genus are capable of causing rapid onsets of symptoms, but it is the black mamba whose bite has the worst prognosis, possibly as a result of its more terrestrial nature (having more potential for human contact), high defensiveness (having a higher possibility to deliver fatal bites instead of dry bites), large size (giving it a higher strike position proximal to the victim's brain), and higher average venom yields and potential toxicity (based on experimental results).[15][16] A lethality rate of near 100% for untreated black mamba bites has been circulating between various sources,[16] which is probably based on a single medical record made in a single district between 1957 and 1963 when specific antivenom had yet to be introduced. Seven out of seven victims of this species who received non-specific polyvalent antivenom, that had no effect on the species' toxins, succumbed to its bites.[5] However, another snakebite survey in South Africa reported a death rate of approximately 43% among those who received ineffective treatments (15 fatal cases out of 35 patients).[17] A mamba-specific antivenom was introduced in 1962, followed by a fully polyvalent antivenom in 1971; over this period, 5 out of 38 people in South Africa bitten by black mambas who received the antivenom died, according to the same report.[17] Since then, the number has significantly dropped with the widespread use of specific antivenom.[18][17]
Despite their fearsome reputation and often exaggerated notoriety, mamba envenomation occurs far less frequently than some other snakes', for instance the puff adder.[16][5] Besides proximity to residences, behaviour of a given species is also a critical aspect when it comes to snakebite morbidities. Mambas are agile, usually fleeing from any confrontation with unambiguous threat display which allows early recognition of the serpent, avoiding escalation in tension.[17]
Black mambas live in the savannas and rocky hills of southern and eastern Africa. They are Africa's longest venomous snake, reaching up to 14 feet in length, although 8.2 feet is more the average. They are also among the fastest snakes in the world, slithering at speeds of up to 12.5 miles per hour.[2][6]
I'd also like to give mamba a vote. I failed to install qiime2 with conda in ubuntu-server 22 environment on my old surface pro4 (which can not work without being plugged ). It took a very long time for the installation process and I finally gave up. In contrast, mamba worked quite fast and completed the installation just in one try. My very recent installation is version 2023.2.
Sure! It would probably be best to include a mamba install in the qiime2 CI testing. It appears that neither a conda nor a mamba install of qiime2 is currently tested in your github actions. Do you want me to send a PR with an updated ci.yml?
We now have miniforge and mambaforge, which are the efforts to provide Anaconda-like installers by conda-forge. And we also pull the libraries from their channel. There is also a new version of the package manager called mamba, which is much faster than conda. I used mamba here, which I learned from dask.
That makes conda/mamba identical to one another. However, for CIs and folks who are feeling more adventurous, I recommend micromamba. Micromamba also uses the same solver but it is faster than both conda/mamba in pretty much everything else too.
@clyne it would be really helpful to use mamba for the kerchunk cookbook (xref Update environment setup instructions to use mamba Issue #26 ProjectPythia/kerchunk-cookbook GitHub). Do you have any concerns with us updating the instructions for that cookbook or do you prefer to wait for an organization-wide migration?
I recently finished exploring, gained a lot and I have 202M credits. I've been wanting to buy the mamba for a while because I like fast ships and fighting, but the maneuverability rating seems a bit low. I know some engineering can make a ship faster but does it also make them more agile, or is it top speed only ?
An "extremely venomous" two-meter-long green mamba snake is on the loose in the Netherlands, police said Tuesday, warning residents to stay indoors and under no circumstances attempt to ensnare the serpent.
I have a problem like so: I am in a conda environment that has mamba installed (let's call the environment mamba_env).I now want to use mamba to install a (self-built) package some_package into another conda environment called some_env.
The python version in some_env is python3.10 and site packages are stored in ~/.conda/envs/some_env/lib/python3.10/site-packages.
Why does this happen?
python3.11 is the system-wide python executable found in /usr/bin/python3.11.
Can it be related to an error in my build of some_package?
It does not happen when I e.g. do mamba install black -n some_env from inside mamba_env.
The black package is then nicely placed into ~/.conda/envs/some_env/lib/python3.10/site-packages.
Many python github projects, including (but not limited to) machine learning, AI deep learning, and data analytics, relies on conda/miniconda/Anaconda to set up a python environment with required package installed automatically. However, as you may already figured out, conda environment setup takes considerable amount of time and disk space. A simple conda setup with python 3.10 takes hours to resolve required packages and set you back about ~3GB of your precious home storage space. Because of this, we highly recommend setting up your python environment from raw "vanilla" python whenever possible, following the Python Basic Setupinstruction.
However, in case it gets too complicated to set up a python environment from scratch for your project that you feel you must use conda, we highly recommend Mamba. This is a relatively new alternative to conda, reimplementing conda package manager in C++ (read: it's FAST). It will still set you back the same amount of storage as if you are using conda, but at least you do not have to wait hours, if not DAYS, for your conda environment to be set up.
To use mamba as a replacement for conda, please do the following steps:
The next step is to create a conda environment corresponding to the need of your python code/github project. In this instruction, we take picrust2 github project as an example. According to the official installation guide of picrust2, the command to set up a conda environment for picrust2 is:
mamba create -n picrust2 -c bioconda -c conda-forge picrust2
This command uses mamba to create a conda environment named picrust2, getting picrust2 package and all of its dependencies from conda's bioconda and conda-forge channels (i.e. conda package repositories). In our test, mamba only took about 5 minutes to resolve all dependencies and install all required packages for picrust2. If you run this command with conda instead of mamba, you may have to wait hours, if not DAYS.
To activate picrust2 conda environment, type:
mamba activate picrust2
You will notice your terminal now begins with (picrust2), suggesting that you have successfully activated picrust2 conda environment. You will soon find out that you can replace virtually almost all conda commands with mamba.
To install a python package in a conda environment, if you want to install such a package from a conda channel, you can type:
mamba install -c your_favorite_conda_channel your_favorite_python_package
For example, to install numpy from conda-forge channel, type:
mamba install -c conda-forge numpy
You can also install a package through pip:
pip install your_favorite_package
Such as:
pip install numpy
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