Make gets its knowledge of how to build your program from a filecalled the makefile, which lists each of the non-source filesand how to compute it from other files. When you write a program, youshould write a makefile for it, so that it is possible to use Make tobuild and install the program.
As a result, if you change a few source files and then run Make, itdoes not need to recompile all of your program. It updates only thosenon-source files that depend directly or indirectly on the sourcefiles that you changed.
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A rule in the makefile tells Make how to execute a series ofcommands in order to build a target file from source files.It also specifies a list of dependencies of the target file.This list should include all files (whether source files or other targets)which are used as inputs to the commands in the rule.
When you run Make, you can specify particular targets to update;otherwise, Make updates the first target listed in the makefile. Ofcourse, any other target files needed as input for generating thesetargets must be updated first.
Make uses the makefile to figure out which target files ought to bebrought up to date, and then determines which of them actually need tobe updated. If a target file is newer than all of its dependencies,then it is already up to date, and it does not need to be regenerated.The other target files do need to be updated, but in the right order:each target file must be regenerated before it is used in regeneratingother targets.
GNU Make also has a few simple features that are very convenient. Forexample, the -o file option which says ``pretend thatsource file file has not changed, even though it has changed.''This is extremely useful when you add a new macro to a header file.Most versions of Make will assume they must therefore recompile all thesource files that use the header file; but GNU Make gives you a way toavoid the recompilation, in the case where you know your change to theheader file does not require it.
We have developed conventions for how to write Makefiles, which allGNU packages ought to follow. It is a good idea to follow theseconventions in your program even if you don't intend it to be GNUsoftware, so that users will be able to build your package justlike many other packages, and will not need to learn anything specialbefore doing so.
Documentation forMakeis online, as is documentation for mostGNU software. It can also be accessed by runninginfo make orman make, or by looking at/usr/share/doc/make/,or similar directories on your system. A brief summary is available byrunning make --help.
Security reports that should not be made immediately public can besent directly to the maintainer. If there is no response to an urgentissue, you can escalate to the generalsecuritymailing list for advice.
Development ofMake,and GNU in general, is a volunteer effort, and you can contribute. Forinformation, please read How to help GNU. If you'dlike to get involved, it's a good idea to join the discussion mailinglist (see above).
Makeis free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under theterms of the GNU GeneralPublic License as published by the Free Software Foundation; eitherversion 3 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
For information on coordinating and contributing translations of our web pages, see Translations README. -->Please see the TranslationsREADME for information on coordinating and contributing translationsof this article.
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In software development, Make is a command-line interface (CLI) software tool that performs actions ordered by configured dependencies as defined in a configuration file called a makefile. It is commonly used for build automation to build executable code (such as a program or library) from source code. But, not limited to building, Make can perform any operation available via the operating system shell.
Make is widely used, especially in Unix and Unix-like operating systems, even though many competing technologies and tools are available including: similar tools that perform actions based on dependencies, some compilers and interactively via an integrated development environment (IDE).
Make originated with a visit from Steve Johnson (author of yacc, etc.), storming into my office, cursing the Fates that had caused him to waste a morning debugging a correct program (bug had been fixed, file hadn't been compiled, cc *.o was therefore unaffected). As I had spent a part of the previous evening coping with the same disaster on a project I was working on, the idea of a tool to solve it came up. It began with an elaborate idea of a dependency analyzer, boiled down to something much simpler, and turned into Make that weekend. Use of tools that were still wet was part of the culture. Makefiles were text files, not magically encoded binaries, because that was the Unix ethos: printable, debuggable, understandable stuff.
Before Make, building on Unix mostly consisted of shell scripts written for each program's codebase. Make's dependency ordering and out-of-date checking makes the build process more robust and more efficient. The makefile allowed for better organization of build logic and often fewer build files.
POSIX includes standardization of the basic features and operation of the Make utility, and is implemented with varying degrees of compatibility with Unix-based versions of Make. In general, simple makefiles may be used between various versions of Make with reasonable success. GNU Make, Makepp and some versions of BSD Make default to looking first for files named "GNUmakefile",[35] "Makeppfile"[36] and "BSDmakefile"[37] respectively, which allows one to put makefiles which use implementation-defined behavior in separate locations.
In general, based on a makefile, Make updates target files from source files if any source file has a newer timestamp than the target file or the target file does not exist. For example, this could include compiling C files (*.c) into object files, then linking the object files into an executable program. Or this could include compiling TypeScript files (*.ts) to Javascript for use in a browser. Other examples include: convert a source image file to another format, copy a file to a content management system, and send e-mail about build status. 152ee80cbc
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