In 1774, he became a professor of physics at the Royal School in Como. A year later, he improved and popularised the electrophorus, a device that produced static electricity. His promotion of it was so extensive that he is often credited with its invention, even though a machine operating on the same principle was described in 1762 by the Swedish experimenter Johan Wilcke.[1][9] In 1777, he travelled through Switzerland, where he befriended H. B. de Saussure.

Static electricity is the branch of physics that is over the study and analysis of the behavior of electrical charges in an equilibrium state, or put another way, the effects generated in bodies as a result of their electrical charges, whether attraction or repulsion. This effect is known as the electrostatic phenomenon. 

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In the later French occupation zone, for example, during the Third Reich, none of the big psychiatric asylums in Bad Schussenried, Zwiefalten or Weissenau had an electroshock apparatus in use. The French psychiatric commissioner sent to inspect the situation in the psychiatric hospitals at the end of the war in 1945 noticed with astonishment:

In psychiatric hospitals that had a special focus on electroshock therapy, sometimes explicit consent for shock therapy was required from the family. For this, at the university psychiatric and mental hospital Erlangen for example, a letter was sent with the following wording:

There never was a special research institute for electroshock therapy in the Third Reich. The psychiatrist that indeed proposed the implementation of such a specialised institute, Holzer, was not one of the Nazi officials; in fact, he was not even given his medical post-doctoral qualification (Habilitation) until after the war and the fall of Nazism. Finally, the research done under Carl Schneider in Heidelberg focused on the problem of vertebral fractures, and thus the clinical safety of electroshock therapy, research which was shared internationally.

In 1775, when he was working at the Royal School in Como (Italy), he developed his first invention (or, more precisely, he improved, named and popularised an earlier version): the perpetual electrophore, a device that, by electrostatic induction, produced a continuous electric current and transferred electricity to other objects.

At that time, another Italian scientist, Luigi Galvani, of the University of Bologna, was investigating what he called animal electricity. In an accidental discovery, he observed that the leg of a dead frog that was next to a static electricity machine twitched when it brushed against the tip of a knife.

We have computed static stress changes caused by several earthquakes that occurred in the Apenninic chain (Italy). Static stress associated with fault slip has been computed using the Okada (1992) formulation. Static Coulomb stress changes associated with the three subevents forming the 1980 Irpinia MS = 6.9 main shock indicate that each subevent was consecutively triggered by stress changes produced by the previous ones. Furthermore, aftershocks of this complex faulting event are well correlated with zones of Coulomb stress increase. The interplay of regional stress and local stress changes due to the main shock produces an aftershock distribution wider than expected and a large variation in focal mechanism. The variation in focal mechanisms is consistent with a low level of background regional stress (less than 2 MPa). Moreover, static stress changes due to the Irpinia earthquake appear to have triggered a moderate-magnitude (ML ~ 5) seismic sequence in an adjacent tectonic area (close to the town of Potenza), with a delay of some years. The analysis of a further two seismic sequences in the central Apennines, which occurred in 1979 close to the town of Norcia (ML = 5.9) and in 1984 in the Abruzzo National Park (ML = 5.5), also show a clear correlation between aftershocks and the positive Coulomb stress changes generated by the main shocks. Aftershocks of the 1979 Norcia earthquake cluster at two lateral edges of the main fault, as expected for a moderate-magnitude main shock in which the local stress change is considerably lower than the regional stress field. The static stress changes due to the 1984 main shock in Abruzzo are likely to have triggered a further main shock four days later (ML = 5.1) at the northern edge of the main fault, where the Coulomb stress change is maximum. This evidence indicates a strong correlation between the earthquakes in the Apenninic chain, through static stress changes, at several time- and space-scales. Modelling of such effects is useful both for improving our knowledge of the earthquake dynamics, and for a better evaluation of seismic hazard.

The search for inhibitors of galactokinase (GALK) enzyme is interesting for their possible therapeutic application capable to alleviate symptoms in people with classic galactosemia. Several high-throughput screenings in the past have found candidate ligands showing a moderate affinity for GALK. Computational analysis of the binding mode of these compounds in comparison to their target protein has been performed only on crystallographic static structures, therefore missing the evolution of the complex during time. In this work, we applied static and dynamics simulations to analyze the interactions between GALK and its potential inhibitors, while taking into account the temporal evolution of the complexes. The collected data allowed us to identify the most important and persistent anchoring points of the known active site and of the newly identified secondary cavity. These data will be of use to increase the specificity and the affinity of a new generation of GALK inhibitors.

In a ventilated oven, heat is emitted through a fan by convection, so it heats up faster and more evenly than in static mode. The flow of hot air will circulate throughout the oven, baking the food more evenly. Another distinguishing characteristic for this cooking method is that it can give your dish a crunchy texture: The heat produced by the fan will create a crust on the surface.

One of the principal causes of fire in a petroleurn refinery is static electricit!/. Thr way in which electrostatic charges could be produced on refinery structures and equipment is discussed and a study is presented of the consequent electric potential fields. The protection systems are analysed, with particular regard to grounding. The formation of charges originating from the atmosphere and the Potentials involved are dealt with by the rruthor. and the protection systms. their efflciency and constniclion characteristics are discussed.

Premesso che l'elettricit statica 6 una delle principali cause di incendi nelle raflnerie di petrolio, l'Autore discute le diverse vie di generazione di cariche elettrostatiche negli impianti e in attrezzature diverse di raflineria. Dopo un cenno ai campi elettrostatici che si possono generare sugli impianti di raffineria, l'Autore analizza i sistemi di protezione, con particolare riguardo alla messa a ferra. La formazione di cariche di origine atmosferica, i potenziali relativi e l'efficacia dei diversi metodi di protezione sono egunlmente oggetto di discussione.

The protection of buildings, especially industrial plants, against atmospheric discharges and discharges due to the formation of electrostatic electricity, is a subject which has been rather neglected in the past. Only now it is beginning to be taken into consideration and studied in light of the real importance it deserves.

The refining process often requires some operation that may produce electrostatic charges and any electrical discharge, not contained within special flameproof equipment, may lead to unforeseen consequences.

One of the main causes of static charge is the triboelectric effect, in which certain materials become electrically charged through contact. In essence, a thunderstorm is due to electrostatic charges building up between clouds and the ground.

This table shows the voltage build-up in everyday events - and the difference relative humidity (RH) makes. Relative humidity above 40% does not eliminate static electricity, only allows it to dissipate harmlessly. Source: electronics-notes.com

Water is a great conductor of electricity. An electrically charged object will therefore relieve its electric charge when the air is humid, reducing the risk of a sudden electrostatic discharge (ESD).

Essentially, what happens is that the individual water molecules possess a much higher conductivity than surrounding air, so the charge will be released to the water in the air. The electrostatic discharge still happens, in other words, but is spread out across countless water molecules or droplets.

For an electrostatic charge to build, friction contact is essential: Two materials must, as it were, rub against each other, exchanging valent electrons. Most production environments have all the ingredients necessary for static electricity to form: An environment with high local heat sources will cause air humidity to drop.

In many industrial operations, for example, electrostatic smoke precipitators remove dirty soot particles by giving the exhaust a static electric charge, then running it through a metal grid with the opposite charge. Static electricity is also used in inkjet printers and photocopiers to transfer an image onto paper.

Static electricity is also a known risk. Under certain circumstances, a discharge of static electricity can create the spark that starts a fire or triggers an explosion. The explosion that destroyed the Hindenburg, for instance, is believed to have been caused by static electricity. As a result, many industrial processes/operations need to be carefully scrutinized to minimize the possibility that static electricity will set off a devastating incident. be457b7860

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