This study investigates the causal impact of the digital economy on urban expansion and fragmentation using international evidence. The study analyzes a sample of 99 countries from 2009 to 2021, with urban sprawl measured through remote sensing data from the MODIS Land Cover Product. Specifically, it employs two indicators: (i) total urban area, which presents the spatial extent of urban expansion, and (ii) the scattering index, which reflects the degree of spatial fragmentation. The results show that while a higher digital economy index leads to an increase in total urban area, it simultaneously helps reduce urban fragmentation, which then suggests a more compact urban form. The study further examines the heterogeneous impacts of the digital economy across different income groups. The findings indicate that in high-income countries, digital economy improvements tend to mitigate urban sprawl in both spatial scale and fragmentation. In contrast, in middle- and low-income countries, such improvements are associated with greater urban sprawl.

This study aims to quantify the influence of urbanization on housing prices at the district-based level, while also investigating the heterogeneous impacts across different quantiles of housing prices. The study uses remote-sensed spectral images from the Landsat 7 ETM+ satellite to measure urbanization, replacing prior reliance solely on urban population metrics. Subsequently, we evaluate how urbanization influences district-based housing prices through three spectrometries: Urban Index (UI), Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), and Built-Up Index (BUI). Finally, this study examines the heterogeneous impacts across various housing price quantiles through Dynamic Panel Quantile Regression with non-additive fixed effects under Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation. 

The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of public spending for the health system of Vietnam and Southeast Asian countries from 2011 to 2018. As a result, we determine the position of Vietnam in the region and model countries to follow. Malmquist index and data envelope analysis (DEA) are employed to process the dataset, consisting of two input determinants and four output determinants. According to results from technical efficiency (TE), the study shows that ASEAN used public health spending inefficiently. However, technological efficiency change (TECHCH) accounts for the largest proportion of total productivity change (TFPCH).