Fetoscopy is a procedure where a small instrument (fetoscope) is inserted through a small hole in the skin into the uterus in order to see the fetus and placenta. Fetoscopic endotracheal occlusion (FETO) is an experimental procedure to reversibly block the trachea of the fetus with a latex balloon. This procedure is used for fetuses diagnosed with congenital diaphragmatic hernia and impaired lung development. Preliminary research has shown that this temporary tracheal occlusion can improve development of the fetal lung. This may lead to improved survival in babies with congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

The procedure starts with an ultrasound examination to find the best insertion site for the fetoscope. After a small skin incision is made at that site, the fetoscope is inserted into the uterus under continuous ultrasound guidance. The fetoscope is then guided into the mouth of the fetus. Once the mouth is entered, key landmarks are followed to guide the fetoscope into the trachea. Once the fetoscope is in the trachea, a small balloon is advanced through a working channel of the scope, inflated with sterile saline and deployed. At the end of the procedure, any excess amniotic fluid is drained through the fetoscope.

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Following FETO, our patients are regularly evaluated for fetal lung growth and any complications that may require emergent removal of the balloon. We are able to organize accommodation close to The Johns Hopkins Hospital to allow rapid access to care if required. Fetoscopic removal of the balloon is typically scheduled four to five weeks after FETO. Following balloon removal, we plan for vaginal delivery near the due date. Because fetoscopic surgery is minimally invasive, it allows us to plan for vaginal delivery. Similarly, future childbearing is not affected.

During the operation, a mass with a size of 10  15 cm was found at the retroperitoneal area. Upon the incision of the capsule, we found a fetal head, a trunk and an arm and two leg-like structures representing the extremities along with nearly 200 cc of serohemorragic fluid. The fetus, except for its ventral side, was covered by vernix caseosa [Figure 2]. The mass was totally removed, including its capsule.

Pathological studies revealed noncalcified vertebral bodies on the midline of the fetus, extending at cranial to caudal direction in the sagittal plane. The microscopic evaluation revealed skin, skin extensions, glial tissue, striated muscle, mature cartilage, peripheral nerve, lung tissue, bone and bone marrow tissues in the capsule, which were mostly lined with multifold epithelium, and at some locations, single-layered epithelium was found.

According to Websters Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, viable of a fetus it means having reached such a stage of development as to be capable of living, under normal conditions, outside the uterus. Viability exists as a function of biomedical and technological capacities, which are different in different parts of the world. As a consequence, there is, at the present time, no worldwide, uniform gestational age that defines viability. Viability is not an intrinsic property of the fetus because viability should be understood in terms of both biological and technological factors. It is only in virtue of both factors that a viable fetus can exist ex utero and thus later achieve independent moral status. Moreover, these two factors do not exist as a function of the autonomy of the pregnant woman. When a fetus is viable, that is, when it is of sufficient maturity so that it can survive into the neonatal period and later achieve independent moral status given the availability of the requisite technological support, and when it is presented to the physician, the fetus is a patient. In the United States viability presently occurs at approximately 24 weeks of gestational age (Chervenak, L.B. McCullough; Textbook of Perinatal Medicine, 1998). In Portugal, the mortality increase significantly with GA

In a fetus with severe type-III von Willebrand's disease, fetal blood sampling by cordocentesis was associated with feto-maternal hemorrhage, fetal hypovolemia, and persistent bradycardia. The fetal condition improved after intracardiac transfusion of blood.

Fetal surgery is a procedure performed on an unborn baby (fetus) in the uterus (in utero) to help improve the long-term outcome of children with specific birth defects. Because these defects often worsen as a fetus develops, fetal surgery done by a team of experts focuses on treating and improving the conditions before birth.

Before a baby is born, early intervention using fetal surgery can treat life-threatening birth defects and improve outcomes in some cases. For example, if a baby has been diagnosed before birth with spina bifida, surgeons might perform open fetal surgery or a less invasive procedure using a fetoscope.

A normal pregnancy lasts nine months. Each three-month period of pregnancy is called a trimester. During each trimester, the fetus grows and develops. Regular medical checkups and prenatal tests are very important. They can:

At 30 to 32 weeks, a fetus has increased central nervous system control over body functions and rhythmic breathing movements. It is still developing lungs and is partially in control of body temperature.

Oxygenated, nutrient-rich blood from the placenta is carried to the fetus by the umbilical vein. This blood enters through the inferior vena cava (the large vein that carries blood from the lower and middle body into the right atrium of the fetal heart). After oxygenated blood arrives at the right atrium, it flows through the foramen ovale (an opening between the right and left atrium) to the left ventricle, then into the aorta (the main vessel, which carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body and the brain).

Some blood from the aorta flows to the two umbilical arteries and re-enters the placenta, where carbon dioxide and other waste products from the fetus are taken up and enter the maternal circulation. The placenta accepts the blood without oxygen from the fetus through the umbilical arteries. In the placenta the blood picks up oxygen and returns to the fetus via a third vessel in the umbilical cord (umbilical vein). The oxygen-rich blood that enters the fetus passes through the fetal liver and enters the right side of the heart.

The ductus arteriosus sends the oxygen-poor blood to the organs in the lower half of the fetal body. This allows for the oxygen-poor blood to leave the fetus through the umbilical arteries and get back to the placenta to pick up oxygen.

Since the foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus are normal findings in the fetus, it is impossible to predict whether these connections will close normally after birth in a normal fetal heart. These two bypass pathways in the fetal circulation make it possible for most fetuses to survive pregnancy even when there are complex heart problems and not be affected until after birth, when these pathways begin to close.

Fetal surgery is an umbrella term that refers to any procedure performed during a pregnancy either on the fetus or the placenta. In this article, Nicholas Behrendt, MD, maternal fetal medicine specialist, explains the goals for surgeries like this and why it benefits both the baby and pregnant person. Read more.

A fetus or foetus (/fits/; pl.: fetuses, feti, foetuses, or foeti) is the unborn offspring that develops from an animal embryo.[1] Following embryonic development the fetal stage of development takes place. In human prenatal development, fetal development begins from the ninth week after fertilization (or eleventh week gestational age) and continues until birth. Prenatal development is a continuum, with no clear defining feature distinguishing an embryo from a fetus. However, a fetus is characterized by the presence of all the major body organs, though they will not yet be fully developed and functional and some not yet situated in their final anatomical location.

The word fetus (plural fetuses or feti) is related to the Latin ftus ("offspring", "bringing forth", "hatching of young")[2][3][4] and the Greek "" to plant. The word "fetus" was used by Ovid in Metamorphoses, book 1, line 104.[5]

The predominant British, Irish, and Commonwealth spelling is foetus, which has been in use since at least 1594. The spelling with -oe- arose in Late Latin, in which the distinction between the vowel sounds -oe- and -e- had been lost. This spelling is the most common in most Commonwealth nations, except in the medical literature, where the fetus is used. The more classical spelling fetus is used in Canada and the United States. In addition, fetus is now the standard English spelling throughout the world in medical journals.[6] The spelling faetus was also used historically.[7]

A woman pregnant for the first time (nulliparous) typically feels fetal movements at about 21 weeks, whereas a woman who has given birth before will typically feel movements by 20 weeks.[14] By the end of the fifth month, the fetus is about 20 cm (8 in) long.

The amount of body fat rapidly increases. Lungs are not fully mature. Neural connections between the sensory cortex and thalamus develop as early as 24 weeks of gestational age, but the first evidence of their function does not occur until around 30 weeks.[citation needed] Bones are fully developed but are still soft and pliable. Iron, calcium, and phosphorus become more abundant. Fingernails reach the end of the fingertips. The lanugo, or fine hair, begins to disappear until it is gone except on the upper arms and shoulders. Small breast buds are present in both sexes. Head hair becomes coarse and thicker. Birth is imminent and occurs around the 38th week after fertilization. The fetus is considered full-term between weeks 37 and 40 when it is sufficiently developed for life outside the uterus.[15][16] It may be 48 to 53 cm (19 to 21 in) in length when born. Control of movement is limited at birth, and purposeful voluntary movements continue to develop until puberty.[17][18] be457b7860

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