The exhibition follows his 2014 show at MoMA PS1 in New York, where Ferraro explored how ringtones and elevator music have become psychological and architectural components of commerce and daily life.

Before the iPhone, Venmo, or Spotify, there were ringtones. You might remember them fondly as those lo-fidelity sounds we used to communicate our highly refined music taste every time someone called our cell. But ringtones were so much more than that. A billion dollar industry silenced seemingly overnight, ringtones laid the foundations of modern mobile consumer technology and set the stage for the App Store and mobile commerce as we know it today. And they are proof that even silly-seeming products can have an impact long after their meme fades away.


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The ingredients were mostly in place by the mid-90s. You had network operators hungry to make back their deep infrastructure capex investments and diversify their revenue streams. You had a device literally manufactured to make sound with the capacity to send and receive digitized data. And you had MVPs -- customizable ringtones enabled by number pads in Asia and text messaging in Europe -- that proved demand.

Consumers jumped on custom ringtones because they represented the first, mainstream way of getting portable music, on-demand. No store, no CDs, no desktops. That was revolutionary -- imagine the possibilities! People could make an identity statement in a unique way, becoming an audio fashion accessory that users, young ones in particular, loved.

Ringtones seeped deep into culture. Instead of music influencing ringtones, ringtones began to influence music. A wave of chart-topping rappers, including Soulja Boy, T-Pain and J-Kwon made music designed to sound good as polyphonic ringtones. Ringtones became a popular way to promote music as teasers, and served as cultural currency, offered as marketing incentives tied to a variety of promotional campaigns.

The novelty of being able to customize phones wore off. As our phones evolved to offer web access, videos, games and social networking (especially with the rise of the smartphone) downloading and configuring ringtones no longer appeared particularly novel.

[Jamster] gives incentives for generating new content every day. The more content there is and the better I can sell it, the more the whole industry - and particularly the artists - will profit. I live from the long tail.

But a defining feature of the digital world is the intricate link between all of our smart devices. It seems standard today to think of our phones as an extension of our computers or tablets: our data syncs automatically, we bookmark content on the phone to finish watching or reading on our computers, we share music libraries, respond to iMessages on our laptops and so on. That was hard to imagine back when Gorbachev showed off his Nokia.

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Yes, ringtones. When Gil first pitched me the idea, I was skeptical. But Gil told me that there was more to the story than meets the eye. A billion dollar industry, spun up and down within a decade, ringtones were the Meme Startups of my teenage years. They are the epitome of Chris Dixon\u2019s idea that the next big thing will start out looking like a toy. I loved ringtones as much as the next kid, but I had no idea how huge their impact was on the mobile economy we know and love today.

Anyways, it wasn\u2019t until the 90s that owning a cell phone became relatively commonplace in the West. But then another problem reared its head. In the early part of the decade, phones came with preset, annoying, monophonic ringtones. Never ones to miss an opportunity to spend R&D dollars on minor inconveniences, humans manufactured a feature that allowed users to input custom ringtones. The Digital Minimo D319, released in 1996, was a Japanese-made device on which users could program custom ringtones by entering combinations of boops and beeps associated with keys on the number pad.

Then, in 1998, a Finnish dude tired of Nokia\u2019s preset monotone interfering with his weekday hangovers (no joke) found a way to transfer audio files directly to his phone through text message and the ringtone revolution began in earnest. By 2002, 30% of all SMS traffic was requests for downloadable ringtones.

Although that view didn\u2019t age well, you can\u2019t blame industry analysts for espousing it. The custom ringtone industry in the US grew from $68m in 2003 to $600m in 2006. So many ringtones were sold -- an estimated 520 million ringtones between 2001 and 2007 -- that the Recording Industry Association of America instituted ringtone charts and awards associated with them (Lil Wayne\u2019s Lollipop went platinum 5 times).

From a 2007 peak of $1.1 billion in global ringtone sales, the industry shrunk by 97% in the following decade. \u201CAdmittedly, it was a little sad,\u201D recalled an executive with BMI, a music publisher. \u201CIn BMI\u2019s early digital days, we made more money from ringtones than anything else; it accounted for more than half of our income stream. And now when you think about it, it\u2019s basically zero.\u201D

First, ringtones introduced the concept of a digital store\u2026 for digital things. Today we call it an App Store, a concept that didn\u2019t really exist 20 years ago but that has since become a fundamental building block of the digital world. When NPP, Japan\u2019s pioneering telco, made ringtones available for their customers to purchase, they realized that a) there\u2019s very little marginal cost to \u201Cstoring\u201D digital products on their platform, b) that it\u2019s therefore in their interest to have as much content as humanly possible and that c) relying on ringtone providers alone constrains the amount of content they can offer.

With this in mind, NPP developed the world\u2019s first App Store as we conceive of it today: a platform that provided tools for developers to develop content, a system for micropayments and digital services, and an application environment that users valued and trusted enough to open their wallets. By opening the platform to developers, a whole ecosystem of digital products sprung up around the ringtone app stores, including pre-recorded, humorous voicemail greetings (humorous being generously defined), custom wallpapers, ringback tones (remember when some people had songs play when you called them?), custom alarm sounds, and more.

The technological breakthroughs needed to bring a mobile app store to life, combined with ringtones\u2019 popularity, cemented the app store\u2019s role as critical infrastructure for the coming Digital Age. Particularly prescient here was the introduction of micropayments and frictionless e-payment mechanisms.

The effectiveness of that combination is hard to overstate: the offerings were both cheap and easy to buy without pulling out your wallet -- it was simply tacked on to your monthly bill -- amounting to a frequent and frictionless purchase experience. Custom ringtones showed technologists the power of frictionless payment; frictionless payment enabled software to eat the world. It incentivized creators and developers to create, while building consumer habits around digital purchasing that underpin today\u2019s digital economy.

Custom ringtones were also most people\u2019s first exposure to the magic of on-demand anything. Never before could the average consumer order something with the press of a button and get it immediately, regardless of where they were. This facilitated impulsive buying behavior, and stoked the public\u2019s imagination with the possibilities of the new digital frontier. 2351a5e196

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