A washer is a thin plate (typically disk-shaped, but sometimes square) with a hole (typically in the middle) that is normally used to distribute the load of a threaded fastener, such as a bolt or nut. Other uses are as a spacer, spring (Belleville washer, wave washer), wear pad, preload indicating device, locking device, and to reduce vibration (rubber washer).
Washers are usually metal or plastic. High-quality bolted joints require hardened steel washers to prevent the loss of pre-load due to brinelling after the torque is applied. Washers are also important for preventing galvanic corrosion, particularly by insulating steel screws from aluminium surfaces. They may also be used in rotating applications, as a bearing. A thrust washer is used when a rolling element bearing is not needed either from a cost-performance perspective or due to space restraints. Coatings can be used to reduce wear and friction, either by hardening the surface or by providing a solid lubricant (i.e. a self-lubricating surface).
Lg Washer
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Rubber or fiber gaskets used in taps (or faucets, valves, and other piping connections) as seal against water leaks are sometimes referred to colloquially as washers; but, while they may look similar, washers and gaskets are usually designed for different functions and made differently.
An archaic form of this washer was sold as a "pot mender", usually in small quantities through a retail ironmonger. This included two washers, a nut, and bolt, and a sealing washer of rubber, cork, or fibre sheet. They could be used for sealing small holes, rust spots or removed pipe connections in water tanks or large cooking vessels.
Spring washers are a left hand helix and allow the thread to be tightened in a right hand direction only, i.e. a clockwise direction. When a left hand turning motion is applied, the raised edge bites into the underside of the bolt or nut and the part that it is bolted to, thus resisting turning. Therefore, spring washers are ineffective on left hand threads and hardened surfaces [citation needed]. Also, they are not to be used in conjunction with a flat washer under the spring washer, as this isolates the spring washer from biting into the component that will resist turning.
The use and effectiveness of spring lock washers has been debated, with some publications[11][who?] advising against their use on the grounds that, when tight, the washer is flat against the substrate and gives no more resistance to rotation than a normal washer at the same torque. A 1990 NASA manual states "In summary, a lockwasher of this type is useless for locking."[7][12] However, a spring washer will continue to hold the bolt against the substrate and maintain friction when loosened slightly, whereas a plain washer will not.[a]
The benefit of spring lock washers lies in the trapezoidal shape of the washer. When compressed to loads near the proof strength of the bolt, it will twist and flatten. This reduces the spring rate of the bolted joint which allows it to maintain more force under the same vibration levels. This prevents loosening.[13]
Tooth lockwashers are also used for ground bonding where a metal lug or object must be electrically bonded to a surface. The teeth of the washer cut through surface oxides, paints or other finishes and provide a gas-tight conductive path. In these applications, the washer is not placed under the head of the screw (or under the nut), it is placed between the surfaces to be bonded.[18]
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) provides standards for general use flat washers. Type A is a series of steel washers at broad tolerances, where precision is not critical. Type B is a series of flat washers with tighter tolerances where outside diameters are categorized as "narrow", "regular" or "wide" for specific bolt sizes.[27]
"Type" is not to be confused with "form" (but often is). The British Standard for Metric Series Metal Washers (BS4320), written in 1968, coined the term "form". The forms go from A to G and dictate the outside diameter and thickness of the flat washers.
Washers of standard metric sizes equivalent to BS4320 Form A are listed in the table below. Measurements in the table refer to the dimensions of the washers as described by the drawing. Specifications for standard metric flat washers were known as DIN 125 (withdrawn) and replaced with ISO 7089. DIN (Deutsches Institut fr Normung - German Institute for Standardization) standards are issued for a variety of components including industrial fasteners as Metric DIN 125 Flat Washers. The DIN standards remain common in Germany, Europe and globally even though the transition to ISO standards is taking place. DIN standards continue to be used for parts which do not have ISO equivalents or for which there is no need for standardization.[28]
The Version 8.1 ENERGY STAR specification for residential and commercial clothes washers has been finalized. Materials related to this revision process are provided below. Partners and other interested parties with questions or concerns regarding these materials or the revision process can contact appliances@energystar.gov. To be added to the product development e-mail distribution list, please send your full contact information to appliances@energystar.gov.
EPA and DOE hosted a webinar on November 3, 2016, to discuss the Draft 2 Version 8.0 specification and Draft Test Method for Determining Residential Clothes Washer Cleaning Performance. Meeting materials are provided below.
EPA and DOE welcome stakeholder feedback on the Draft 2 Version 8.0 specification and Draft Test Method for Determining Residential Clothes Washer Cleaning Performance. Comments are due via e-mail to appliances@energystar.gov by November 21, 2016.
Flat washers are engineered to spread the weight of a nut or fastener over a large area. This type of washer will prevent damage to soft surfaces. In addition, a flat washer can be utilized to cover a hole that is too large. We offer a large catalog of flat washers that are available in materials such as stainless steel, brass, nylon, copper, and bronze.
Fender washers feature a large outside diameter that is utilized to help distribute forces that are created when you integrate a nut or bolt. This type of washer is used in the auto and plumbing industries to prevent damage to thin materials. The wide diameter of a fender washer on the exterior of the hole is designed to alleviate force over a larger area when you connect bolts. We offer an expansive selection of fender washers in materials such as low carbon steel and stainless steel.
Belleville washers are designed to maintain a large amount of force with minimal deviation. This type of washer is utilized to reduce thermal expansion and vibration in commercial facilities. Belleville washers are helpful in applications with limited space and heavy loads. The washers in our catalog feature a high spring rate to meet your requirements. Our washers are engineered to create secure connections. We offer belleville washers in materials such as spring steel, bronze, low carbon steel, brass, and stainless steel.
Thrust washers are installed between a moving surface and a stagnant component. This type of washer is designed to assist the axial load on a shaft. In addition, thrust washers are utilized to prevent motion on a shaft. The washers are engineered to be used in motors, pumps, and axle assemblies. We offer a large catalog of thrust washers in materials such as stainless steel, nylon, bronze, and PTFE. The punch presses at our facility are designed to produce a maximum of 400 tons of parts and components.
We offer a large selection of wave spring washers to commercial facilities and technicians. This type of washer features arched sections that are designed to process small and large loads. Wave washers are available with 1 to 4 waves depending on the requirements of your application. However, we can utilize our CNC equipment to produce a spring washer with 5 or more waves. We offer wave spring and flat washers in finishes such as spring steel, beryllium copper, bronze, and stainless steel.
Each of the wave spring washers in our catalog is engineered with consistent arched compartments to ensure the weight is balanced. The density of a spring washer can be decreased by increasing the total amount of waves. To receive assistance with finding a spring or flat washer, give our team a call by phone at (847) 956-1344. We will help you find a part with a correct inner and outer diameter to meet the specifications of your project.
Tab washers are engineered to inhibit the movement of bolts and nuts in applications such as construction, maintenance, and assembly. The clip of a tab washer can be adjusted to secure the nut in a single location. This type of washer is designed to be utilized in environments with high temperatures that feature fluctuation and torque.
Tab washers are equipped with one or more interior and exterior inserts to lock a nut in a location near the bolt. We offer tab and flat washers in a variety of materials such as stainless steel, monel, low carbon steel, aluminum, brass, and spring steel. A tab washer can be integrated with a flat washer to balance the weight and prevent damage to the assembly that the fastener is attached to. If you need help locating a tab washer, give our staff a call to receive support.
The average American family washes about 300 loads of laundry every year, and about 80% of homes nationwide have a dryer. Those numbers are what make ENERGY STAR certified appliances such a smart option!
You can purchase a qualifying washer or dryer from any retailer and submit a rebate form online. Your rebate claim must be submitted within 120 days of purchase. Please allow approximately 6 weeks to receive your rebate check, once your completed application and documentation has been submitted and reviewed.
City of Modesto water customers in single and multi-family homes may be eligible for a rebate when they replace their old clothes washer with a high efficiency clothes washer. The rebate amount may not exceed $200 per City of Modesto water account. Funding is limited and applications will be accepted on a first come, first served basis. The City reserves the right to terminate this program at any time and for any reason. 152ee80cbc