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Kyle Smith of the New York Post said that "actual abduction may be preferable to the movie of the same name, but only if your kidnappers don't torture you by forcing you to watch it", adding that Lautner "has the acting chops of Bert from Sesame Street".[17] R. Kurt Oselund of Slate Magazine was also critical of Lautner, saying that he "can't carry a movie any more than Abigail Breslin can carry a refrigerator."[18] James Berardinelli gave it one out of four stars, saying, "For those who are indifferent to Lautner or who don't like him, the only way to survive Abduction is under the influence of a controlled substance, and even that may not be enough."[19] Catherine Brown of Filmink also gave it a scathing review, saying that "Singleton is poorly equipped to handle teenage angst, a fact made far worse by cringe-worthy dialogue and a wooden leading man who proves that he has not yet developed the skills required to carry a film."[20]

Most philosophers agree that abduction (in the sense of Inference tothe Best Explanation) is a type of inference that is frequentlyemployed, in some form or other, both in everyday and in scientificreasoning. However, the exact form as well as the normative status ofabduction are still matters of controversy. This entry contrastsabduction with other types of inference; points at prominent uses ofit, both in and outside philosophy; considers various more or lessprecise statements of it; discusses its normative status; andhighlights possible connections between abduction and Bayesianconfirmation theory.

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Abduction is normally thought of as being one of three major types ofinference, the other two being deduction and induction. Thedistinction between deduction, on the one hand, and induction andabduction, on the other hand, corresponds to the distinction betweennecessary and non-necessary inferences. In deductive inferences, whatis inferred is necessarily true if the premises from which itis inferred are true; that is, the truth of the premisesguarantees the truth of the conclusion. A familiar type ofexample is inferences instantiating the schema

Furthermore, many of those who think ABD1 is headed along the rightlines believe that it is too strong. Some think that abductionwarrants an inference only to the probable truth of the bestexplanation, others that it warrants an inference only to theapproximate truth of the best explanation, and still othersthat it warrants an inference only to the probableapproximate truth.

Secondly, one can formulate a symmetric or congruous version ofabduction by having it sanction, given a comparative premise, only acomparative conclusion; this option, too, can in turn be realized inmore than one way. Here is one way to do it, which has been proposedand defended in the work of Theo Kuipers (e.g., Kuipers 1984, 1992,2000).

We have already encountered the so-called argument of the bad lot,which, we saw, is valid as a criticism of ABD1 but powerless againstvarious (what we called) congruous rules of abduction. We hereconsider two objections that are meant to be more general. The firsteven purports to challenge the core idea underlying abduction; thesecond is not quite as general, but it is still meant to undermine abroad class of candidate explications of abduction. Both objectionsare due to Bas van Fraassen.

The best-known argument of this sort was developed by Richard Boyd inthe 1980s (see Boyd 1981, 1984, 1985). It starts by underlining thetheory-dependency of scientific methodology, which comprises methodsfor designing experiments, for assessing data, for choosing betweenrival hypotheses, and so on. For instance, in considering possibleconfounding factors from which an experimental setup has to beshielded, scientists draw heavily on already accepted theories. Theargument next calls attention to the apparent reliability of thismethodology, which, after all, has yielded, and continues to yield,impressively accurate theories. In particular, by relying on thismethodology, scientists have for some time now been able to find evermore instrumentally adequate theories. Boyd then argues that thereliability of scientific methodology is best explained by assumingthat the theories on which it relies are at least approximately true.From this and from the fact that these theories were mostly arrived atby abductive reasoning, he concludes that abduction must be a reliablerule of inference.

The abduction of Japanese citizens is a critical issue concerning the sovereignty of Japan and the lives and safety of Japanese citizens. Without the resolution of this issue, there can be no normalization of relations between Japan and North Korea. The Government of Japan is fully committed to making its utmost efforts to realize the return of all abductees to Japan as quickly as possible.

In late 1993, the Criminal Division of the Washington State Attorney General's Office undertook a 3-1/2 year research project, partially funded by the U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, to study the investigation of child abduction murder cases.

In this first research project, published in 1997, researchers reviewed more than 600 child abduction murder cases across the United States, then interviewed the investigating detectives. This data provided law enforcement valuable insight into what investigative techniques tend to be most productive.

Objective: To test the hypothesis that a greater peak internal hip abduction moment is associated with a reduced likelihood of ipsilateral medial tibiofemoral osteoarthritis (OA) progression.

Methods: Fifty-seven persons with knee OA (by definite osteophyte presence and symptoms) were evaluated. Baseline assessments included kinematic and kinetic gait parameters, obtained with an optoelectronic camera system and force platform, with inverse dynamics used to calculate 3-dimensional moments at the joints; pain, using a separate visual analog scale for each knee; and alignment, using full-limb radiographs. Radiographs of the knee in a semiflexed position, with fluoroscopic confirmation of tibial rim alignment, were obtained at baseline and 18 months later. Disease progression was defined as worsening of the grade of medial joint space narrowing. Logistic regression obtained with generalized estimating equations was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for progression per unit of hip abduction moment, after excluding knees with the worst joint space grade at baseline (which could not progress).

Results: The 57 participants (63% women) with mild to moderate OA had a mean age of 67 years and a mean body mass index of 29. A greater internal hip abduction moment during gait was associated with a reduced likelihood of medial tibiofemoral OA progression, with OR/unit hip abduction moment of 0.52 and a 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of 0.32-0.85. This protective effect persisted after adjustment for age, sex, walking speed, knee pain severity, physical activity, varus malalignment severity, hip OA presence, and hip OA symptom presence, with an adjusted OR of 0.43 a 95% CI of 0.22-0.81.

Conclusion: A greater hip abduction moment during gait at baseline protected against ipsilateral medial OA progression from baseline to 18 months. The likelihood of medial tibiofemoral OA progression was reduced 50% per 1 unit of hip abduction moment.

The District Attorney's Office Child Abduction Team is only involved when a parent or other family member abducts a child. Not only does child abduction involve violation of Family Court, Juvenile Court and/or Probate Court orders, but it also involves a felony violation of the law. The punishment for committing such a crime can be up to four years in prison and a $10,000 fine. If you are the parent or guardian of a missing child, the most important thing to remember is that you are not alone.

In general terms, abduction, in the anatomical sense, is classified as the motion of a limb or appendage away from the midline of the body. In the case of arm abduction, it is the movement of the arms away from the body within the plane of the torso (coronal plane). The abduction of the arm begins with the arm in a position parallel to the torso and the hand in an inferior position, continues with the movement of the arm to a position perpendicular to the torso, and ends with the movement of the arm so that the humerus is raised above the shoulder joint and points straight upward. (The upper extremity action during a jumping jack can is exemplary of the full range of motion for arm abduction.) The primary muscles involved in the action of arm abduction include the supraspinatus, deltoid, trapezius, and serratus anterior.[1]

The ability to abduct the arm is a crucial contributor to the full range of motion of the arm. Four different muscles control this action: supraspinatus, deltoid, trapezius, and serratus anterior.[2][3][4][5] The supraspinatus is the primary muscle for the abduction of the arm to 15 degrees. The deltoid controls abduction from 15 to 90 degrees. The trapezius and serratus anterior coordinate with each other and the scapula to facilitate abduction of the arm upwards of 90 degrees.[1]

The supraspinatus muscle originates from the supraspinous fossa of the scapula, passes under the acromion, and inserts on the superior facet of the greater tubercle of the humerus. It is responsible for the initiation of arm abduction by stabilizing the humeral head in the glenoid fossa and is in control of the motion up to the first 15 degrees of abduction. Past 15 degrees, it assists the deltoid with the abduction of the arm up to 90 degrees. Additionally, the supraspinatus contributes to shoulder joint stability by providing resistance to gravitational forces acting on the joint and maintaining contact between the head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa.[3]

The deltoid, aptly named after the Greek letter delta, is a triangular-shaped muscle found over the glenohumeral joint and is composed of three different heads: anterior, lateral, and posterior. The anterior head originates from the anterior surface of the lateral third of the clavicle. The lateral head originates from the superior surface of the acromion process. The posterior head originates from the posterior border of the spine of the scapula. All heads of the deltoid come together to insert onto the deltoid tuberosity of the humerus. The deltoid is the primary muscle responsible for the abduction of the arm from 15 to 90 degrees. It also serves as a stabilizer of the humeral head, especially in instances of load carrying.[7][2][7] be457b7860