Deep Sky Astrophotography: Personal Catalog

The Messier Catalog

The Messier Catalog (M) is one of the most popular list of Deep Sky Objects (DSOs). Created by French astronomer Charles Messier, the catalog (originally named Catalogue des Nébuleuses et des Amas d'Étoiles) contains 110 different items, mainly star clusters, nebulae, and galaxies. The objects are easiest obseved from the Northern Hemisphere and are some of the brigtest DSOs in the night sky. The Messier objects are some of the most popular targets among amateur astrophotographers. Below are the few objects that I have captured belonging to this catalog.

M13 - The Hercules Globular Cluster

The Hercules Globular Cluster, located in the constellation Hercules, is one of the most famous Messier globular clusters. It is joined by a faint galaxy seen in the top right corner of the image.

Image Details

August 22, 2023

168 x 30 seconds (1.4 hours)

Sony a7II/Williams Optics Z61II/Skywatcher Star Adventurer GTI

Bortle 7.4 /SQM 19.0

Moon Illumination: 37.03%

M15 - The Pegasus Globular Cluster

The Pegasus Globular Cluster, located in the constellation Pegasus, is a large cluster of stars. Globular clusters form from a large concentration of stars being pulled together by gravity forming a very dense region.

Image Details

October 1, 2023

129 x 30 seconds (1.1 hours)

Sony a7II/Williams Optics Z61II/Skywatcher Star Adventurer GTI

Bortle 7.4 /SQM 19.0

Moon Illumination: 92.06%

M16 - The Eagle Nebula

The Eagle Nebula, located in the constellation Serpens, is a Southern Sky nebula found in the Milky Way. It's popularity stems from being the home of the famous Pillars of Creation (faintly seen in the center above). If you do not know what these are, I highly recommend googling some JWST or Hubble images of them.

Image Details

August 10, 2023

199 x 30 seconds (1.66 hours)

Sony a7II/Williams Optics Z61II/Skywatcher Star Adventurer GTI

Bortle 7.4 /SQM 19.0

Moon Illumination: 44.24%

M17 - The Omega Nebula

The Omega Nebula, located in the constellation Sagittarius, is a neighbor to the Eagle Nebula. It is also a Southern Sky nebula and is best photographed form latitudes near the Equator or south

Image Details

August 10, 2023

199 x 30 seconds (1.66 hours)

Sony a7II/Williams Optics Z61II/Skywatcher Star Adventurer GTI

Bortle 7.4 /SQM 19.0

Moon Illumination: 44.24%

M27 - The Dumbbell Nebula

The Dumbbell Nebula, located in the constellation Vulpecula, is a planetary nebula of red and blue-green coloring. It is very bright and easily seen with binoculars. 

Image Details

September 14, 2023

180 x 30 seconds (1.5 hours)

Sony a7II/Williams Optics Z61II/Skywatcher Star Adventurer GTI

Bortle 7.4 /SQM 19.0

Moon Illumination: 7.20% 

M31, M32, M110 - The Andromeda Galaxy and Satellites

The Andromeda Galaxy is the closest Galaxy to Earth sitting only 2.5 million light years away. Located in the Andromeda Constellation, it takes up an area of about 6 times the size of the Moon. However, it is also 2.75 million times fainter than the moon, leaving only the core of the galaxy naked eye visible in unpolluted skies. Surrounded by 2 dwarf galaxies (Le Gentil and Nébuleuse D'Andromède), Andromeda is one of the most famous deep sky objects in the sky.

Image Details

January 21, 2024

81 x 120 seconds (2.7 hours)

ASI533MC Pro/Williams Optics Z61II/Skywatcher Star Adventurer GTI/ASIair Plus/UV-IR Cut Filter

Bortle 7.4 /SQM 19.0

Moon Illumination: 66.47%

M33 - The Triangulum Galaxy

The Triangulum Galaxy, located in the constellation Triangulum, is a neighbor to the Andromeda Galaxy. Due to its relatively bright nature, it is easily photographed and like the Andromeda Galaxy is naked eye visible in unpolluted night skies.

Image Details

October 24, 2023

210 x 30 seconds (1.75 hours)

Sony a7II/Williams Optics Z61II/Skywatcher Star Adventurer GTI

Bortle 7.4 /SQM 19.0

Moon Illumination: 63.71%

M42 and M43 - The Great Orion Nebula

The Orion Nebula is one of the most famous deep sky objects in the night sky, and the king of winter targets. It is made up of two Nebulae, M42 and M43. Located in the constellation Orion, it is accompanied by the smaller Running Man Nebula to the left and surrounded by space dust. The vivid blue and purple coloring and intricate details make this target one of my favorites.

Image Details

November 11, 2023

221 x 30 seconds (1.84 hours)

Sony a7II/Williams Optics Z61II/Skywatcher Star Adventurer GTI/ASIair Plus

Bortle 2.8/SQM 21.8

Moon Illumination: 14.28%

M45 - The Pleiades

The Pleiades Star Cluster, located in the constellation Taurus, is a group of 7 main stars (nicknamed the 7 sisters) with a faint blue nebula surrounding them. A popular winter target, the cluster is also famous in multiple cultures. Fun Fact: Subaru, the Japanese car company, is named after the cluster and its logo is an interpretation if what the cluster looks like.

Image Details

December 12, 2023

316 x 30 seconds (2.6 hours)

Sony a7II/Williams Optics Z61II/Skywatcher Star Adventurer GTI/ASIair Plus

Bortle 7.4 /SQM 19.0

Moon Illumination: 4.43%

M51 - The Whirlpool Galaxy

The Whirlpool Galaxy, located in the constellation Canes Venatici, is actually 2 galaxies combining into each other. M51a, the main galaxy, is consuming M51b, creating the whirlpool look.

Image Details

May 28, 2024

38 x 180 seconds (1.9 hours)

ASI533MC Pro/Williams Optics Z61II/Skywatcher Star Adventurer GTI/ASIair Plus

Bortle 7.4 /SQM 19.0

Moon Illumination: 67%

M57 - The Ring Nebula

The Ring Nebula, located in the constellation Lyra, is a Planetary Nebula created from a dying star ejecting gas into space. Although small (as seen in the photo above), more magnification proves this target to be very cool.

Image Details

September 16, 2023

126 x 45 seconds (1.58 hours)

Sony a7II/Williams Optics Z61II/Skywatcher Star Adventurer GTI

Bortle 7.4 /SQM 19.0

Moon Illumination: 6.35%

M65, M66, NGC 3628 - The Leo Triplet

This group of 3 galaxies is found in the constellation Leo. It is the first new target I have been able to capture all spring. The first imaging session was plagued by meridian flip issues and a full moon, but the second stab at it gave me much better results. Adding them together for just under 4 hours of exposure time, the resulting image is one of my better galaxy photos.

Image Details

April 25 and May 2, 2024

Session 1: 55 x 120 seconds (1.83 hours)

Session 2: 24 x 300 seconds (2.0 hours)

ASI533MC Pro/Williams Optics Z61II/Skywatcher Star Adventurer GTI/ASIair Plus

Bortle 7.4 /SQM 19.0

Moon Illumination (Avg): 64%

M78 - Casper the Friendly Ghost Nebula

Casper the Friendly Ghost (M78, NGC2068) is the bright object on the left side of the image. It is a reflection nebula, where a star illuminates interstellar dust around it. It is located in Orion and has many neighbors, including the bright object to its right, NGC2071, as well as NGC2064 and NGC2067.

Image Details

January 2, 2024

150 x 45 seconds (1.875 hours)

ASI533MC Pro/Williams Optics Z61II/Skywatcher Star Adventurer GTI/ASIair Plus

Bortle 7.4 /SQM 19.0

Moon Illumination: 62.21% 

M81 and M82 - Bode's Galaxy and The Cigar Galaxy

This iconic pair of galaxies, located in the Big Dipper, are connected in a gravitational lock that has affected both of their shapes. Bode's galaxy is more traditionally shaped (almost like a hurricane symbol) while the Cigar Galaxy is elongated and has a cloud of gas around it's center (faintly seen above)

Image Details

January 1, 2024

132 x 45 seconds (1.65 hours)

ASI533MC Pro/Williams Optics Z61II/Skywatcher Star Adventurer GTI/ASIair Plus

Bortle 7.4 /SQM 19.0

Moon Illumination: 68.98%

M101 - The Pinwheel Galaxy

The Pinwheel Galaxy, located in the Big Dipper, is a spiral galaxy popular as a Spring and early Summer target. My original image was taken a few days after I got my star tracker, and now almost a year later I revisited the target with all of my new equipment. This image is worlds better than my first, and I hope to keep adding to it over the season. It is also the first deep sky object I've been able to image since 2/29/24, so I am glad it turned out.

Image Details

April 15, 2024

60 x 120 seconds (2 hours)

ASI533MC Pro/Williams Optics Z61II/Skywatcher Star Adventurer GTI/ASIair Plus

Bortle 7.4 /SQM 19.0

Moon Illumination: 50.00%

The New General Catalog

The New General Catalog (NGC) is a list of 7,840 star clusters, galaxies, and nebulae compiled by John Louis Emil Dreyer. This list expanded and consolidated prior lists made and now serves as one of the more common ways to identify countless DSOs. Almost all Messier objects have an NGC number as well. This catalog includes some objects South of the celestial equator unlike the Messier catalog, but the list is much more extensive with Northern objects.

NGC 1499 - The California Nebula

The California Nebula, located in the constellation Perseus, is an emission nebula that vaguely resembles the state of California. Although only red is seen in the photo above, it has yellow and blue that can be seen with the help of darker skies and better camera equipment.

Image Details

November 14, 2023

75 x 120 seconds (2.5 hours)

Sony a7II/Williams Optics Z61II/Skywatcher Star Adventurer GTI/ASIair Plus

Bortle 7.4 /SQM 19.0

Moon Illumination: 5.93%

NGC 2024 and B33 - The Flame and Horsehead Nebulae

The Flame and Horsehead Nebulae are two iconic winter targets located in the constellation Orion. They sit surrounding the star Alnitak (a part of Orion's Belt), but despite seeming to be next to each other are actually hundreds of light years apart. Surrounding the top of the Horsehead Nebula is a cloud of red, faintly seen in my image above. 

Image Details

November 11, 2023

221 x 30 seconds (1.84 hours)

Sony a7II/Williams Optics Z61II/Skywatcher Star Adventurer GTI/ASIair Plus

Bortle 2.8/SQM 21.8

Moon Illumination: 14.28%

NGC 2175 - The Monkey Head Nebula

The Monkey Head Nebula is a hydrogen emission nebula located in the constellation Orion. It gets its name from its vauge similarities to a baboon looking left with his head, but in all honesty I find that hard to see. This is the perfect time to image this target as it reaches its peak altitude away from the majority of light pollution.

Image Details

February 4, 2024

60 x 180 seconds (3 hours)

ASI533MC Pro/Williams Optics Z61II/Skywatcher Star Adventurer GTI/ASIair Plus/UV-IR Cut Filter

Bortle 7.4 /SQM 19.0

Moon Illumination (Avg): 34.6%

NGC 2244 - The Rosette Nebula

The Rosette Nebula (NGC 2237-2239, 2244, 2246) is a hydrogen emission nebula in the constellation Monoceros. This is the most time I have dedicated to any single picture (5.5 total hours) as this target is very faint and passes over the NYC light dome. Fun fact: if you could see the Rosette with your naked eye it would be about 3 times bigger than the full moon.

Image Details

February 5 and 6, 2024

Session 1: 50 x 180 seconds (2.5 hours)

Session 2: 61 x 180 seconds (3.05 hours)

ASI533MC Pro/Williams Optics Z61II/Skywatcher Star Adventurer GTI/ASIair Plus/UV-IR Cut Filter

Bortle 7.4 /SQM 19.0

Moon Illumination (Avg): 20.5%

NGC 2359 - Thor's Helmet Nebula

Thor's Helmet (NGC 2359) is a small emission nebula centered on a Wolf-Rayet star (WR7). It is a particularly challenging target for me due to its faint nature, location low on the horizion in Canis Major, and it sitting right in the NYC light pollution dome all night. Nonetheless, I managed to capture the general shape of it and managed to do my longest single exposures (5 minutes) ever.

Image Details

February 29, 2024

Session 1: 38 x 300 seconds (3.16 hours)

ASI533MC Pro/Williams Optics Z61II/Skywatcher Star Adventurer GTI/ASIair Plus/UV-IR Cut Filter

Bortle 7.4 /SQM 19.0

Moon Illumination (Avg): 83.37%

NGC 6888 - The Crescent Nebula

The Crescent Nebula, located in the constellation Cygnus, is related to the emission nebula surrounding the star Sadr. It is somewhat faint and consists of different types of gases.

Image Details

October 11 and November 1, 2023

Session 1: 265 x 30 seconds (2.2 hours)

Session 2: 101 x 60 seconds (1.68 hours)

Sony a7II/Williams Optics Z61II/Skywatcher Star Adventurer GTI/ASIair Plus

Bortle 7.4 /SQM 19.0

Moon Illumination (Avg): 53.22%

NGC 6992 - The Eastern Veil Nebula

The Eastern Veil Nebula, located in the constellation Cygnus, is part of a larger Veil Nebula group named 'The Cygnus Loop'. This nebula is the remnants of a supernova and is a popular summer target.

Image Details

September 19-20, 2023

Session 1: 181 x 30 seconds (1.5 hours)

Session 2: 148 x 30 seconds (1.23 hours)

Sony a7II/Williams Optics Z61II/Skywatcher Star Adventurer GTI

Bortle 7.4/SQM 19.0

Moon Illumination (Avg): 30.05%

NGC 7000 - The North American Nebula

The North American Nebula, located in the constellation Cygnus near the star Deneb, is an emission nebula that resembles the North American continent. Like the California Nebula, it has more colors than just red that can be seen with better camera equipment.

Image Details

May 29, 2023

185 x 30 seconds (1.54 hours)

Sony a7II/300mm lens/Skywatcher Star Adventurer GTI

Bortle 2.8 /SQM 21.8

Moon Illumination: 61.36%

The Index Catalogs

The Index Catalogs (IC) was also created by John Louis Emil Dreyer as an expansion to his NGC. The list contains an additional 5,386 astronomical objects.

IC1318 - The Sadr Region

The Sadr Region, located in the constellation Cygnus, is an emission nebula surrounding the star Sadr at the center of the Cygnus cross. It is also a part of the Cygnus region of the Milky Way Galaxy seen in dark night skies. 

Image Details

October 3-4, 2023

Session 1: 229 x 30 seconds (1.9 hours)

Session 2: 218 x 30 seconds (1.82 hours)

Sony a7II/Williams Optics Z61II/Skywatcher Star Adventurer GTI

Bortle 7.4 /SQM 19.0

Moon Illumination (Avg): 75.13%

IC1396A - The Elephant's Trunk Nebula

The Elephant's Trunk Nebula, located in the constellation Cepheus, is a portion of the broader star forming region of IC1396. This specific portion gets its name from the dense star clouds which have the vague appearance of a trunk (the right side of the image). The last time I attempted to photograph this target I didn't capture anything, so although it is not the best I'll take it. I hope to add more data as the Summer progresses.

Image Details

June 1, 2024

60 x 180 seconds (3 hours)

ASI533MC Pro/Williams Optics Z61II/Skywatcher Star Adventurer GTI/ASIair Plus

Bortle 7.4 /SQM 19.0

Moon Illumination: 34%

The Barnard Catalog

The Barnard Catalog is a list of 369 dark nebulae (interstellar clouds of dust so dense it blocks most or all visible light) created by Edward Emerson Barnard. One of the most famous objects in this list is B33, the Horsehead Nebula (imaged above grouped with NGC2024), for its distinct shape and ease to image.