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China's rice planting area has grown to 30.15 million hectares with an annual output of 204 million tons, placing it second in the world. However, there are still some obstacles to the mechanization of paddy fields that need to be addressed immediately, especially in the preparation of paddy fields with long rice straw. After the rice harvest, the long rice straw that remains cannot be adequately treated ( Zhu et al., 2016Zhu HZ, Zhong H, Wu JL (2016) Incorporating rice residues into paddy soils affects methylmercury accumulation in rice. Chemosphere 152: 259-264.
).
Matin et al. (2016)Matin MA, Desbiolles JMA, Fielke JM (2016) Strip-tillage using rotating straight blades: effect of cutting edge geometry on furrow parameters. Soil and Tillage Research 155: 271-279.
conducted some simulation analysis based on the radius of the rotary blade surface, the forward speed of the machine, and the rotational speed of the blade roll, based on the construction of a flattening and puddling paddy field machine. They investigated a leveling device designed by Hu et al. (2020)Hu L, Xu Y, He J, Du P, Luo X (2020) Design and test of tractor-attached laser-controlled rotary scraper land leveler for paddy fields. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 146(4): 04020002. (ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001448
(ASCE)IR.1943-47... and Zhou et al. (2020)Zhou H, Hu L, Luo X, Tang L, Du P, Mao T, Zhao R, He J (2020) Design and test of laser-controlled paddy field levelling-beater. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 13(1): 57-65.
. Shrivastava &Verma (2017) used the Taguchi method to optimize jigs and fixtures for rice weeder production, which saved 60% of the weeding cost and 65% of the time compared to human weeding. In terms of tillage, Mousavi et al. (2009)Mousavi SF, Yousefi-Moghadam S, Mostafazadeh-Fard B, Hemmat A, Yazdani MR (2009) Effect of puddling intensity on physical properties of a silty clay soil under laboratory and field conditions. Paddy and Water Environment 7(1): 45-54. -008-0148-4
-008-0148-... explored the influence of the puddling intensity on the physical qualities of silty clay in the lab and in the field and discovered that moderate intensity is best for tillage in silty clay paddy fields.
However, there have been few investigations into rotary blade performance in paddy fields with long rice straw. As a result of this study, a rotary blade was developed that is ideal for paddy fields with long rice straw. The operating principle is explained, as is the creation of a mathematical model and the design of the required parameters. This paper provides a guide for developing critical components for paddy fields with long rice straw.
The transmission portion of the paddy field machine, overcoming the horizontal reaction force acting on the soil, cutting the soil, and throwing the soil, makes up the majority of the power consumption of the rotary blade. The paddy field machine uses the following amount of power overall:
The paddy field machine's rotating blades plow the soil by rotating around the blade shaft and moving forward. The throwing and cutting of the soil take place simultaneously. The power of the paddy field machine used for cutting the soil can be expressed as:
The structure of the rotary blade in this study is a scimitar type, which is suited for paddy field green manure, rice straw, and wheat straw. Scimitars have five rotational radius (R) standards: 195 mm, 210 mm, 225 mm, 245 mm, and 260 mm. The rice straw must be buried 100 mm below the soil surface to meet agronomic criteria. The rotational radius of the corresponding rotary blade ranges from 240 mm to 260 mm, and was therefore chosen as 245 mm based on traditional design experience.
The design uses the front edge as the spatial curve, according to the ____________________________________ and existing literature ( Zhou et al., 2020Zhou H, Hu L, Luo X, Tang L, Du P, Mao T, Zhao R, He J (2020) Design and test of laser-controlled paddy field levelling-beater. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 13(1): 57-65.
; Shrivastava and Verma, 2017Shrivastava A, Verma A (2017) Implementation of Taguchi methodology in optimization of developed jigs and fixtures for production of paddy weeder. Paddy and Water Environment 15: 1-9. -016-0522-6
-016-0522-... ; Anisa and Geeta, 2017Anisa A, Geeta G (2017) Performance testing of the rotary paddy weeder with different angle of blade. International Journal of Agricultural Engineering 10(1): 86-91. -91
; Matin et al., 2016Matin MA, Desbiolles JMA, Fielke JM (2016) Strip-tillage using rotating straight blades: effect of cutting edge geometry on furrow parameters. Soil and Tillage Research 155: 271-279.
). The front blade and the side blade were seamlessly transitioned by a circular arc line, as shown in Figure 5a .
In this study, the discrete element method is used to simulate paddy field straw returning to the field ( Azimi-Nejadian et al., 2022Azimi-Nejadian H, Karparvarfard SH, Naderi-Boldaji M (2022) Weed seed burial as affected by mould-board design parameters, ploughing depth and speed: DEM simulations and experimental validation. Bio-systems Engineering.
; Ucgul and Saunders, 2020Ucgul M, Saunders C (2020) Simulation of tillage forces and furrow profile during soil-mouldboard plough interaction using discrete element modelling. Biosystems Engineering 190: 58-70.
; Zhao et al., 2020Zhao HB, Li HW, Ma SC, He J, Wang QJ, Lu CY, et al (2020) The effect of various edge-curve types of plain-straight blades for strip tillage seeding on torque and soil disturbance using DEM. Soil & Tillage Research 202: 104674.
). Multi-factor experiments were carried out on the rotary blade's different geometric sizes by simulation in order to investigate the influence of these sizes on the rate of burying straw, the flatness after rotary tillage, and power consumption, and then the best geometric parameters of the rotary blade were obtained.
Shi et al. (2019)Shi Y, Sun XR, Wang X, Hu Z, Ding W (2019) Numerical simulation and field tests of minimum-tillage planter with straw smashing and strip laying based on EDEM software. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 166(8): 105021.
chose a paddy field with long rice straws as the subject of study. As indicated in Table 1 , Hwang (2011) used electronic scales and other devices to measure the parameters of the mud, rice straw, and bottom soil. The mud and bottom soil depths are respectively 0~50 mm and 50~200 mm. The soil bin's overall length, breadth, and height are 2000 mm, 500 mm, and 250 mm, respectively, as illustrated in Figure 6 . Figure 7 depicts the simulation process diagram.
The optimized rotary blade was installed on the paddy field machine to perform a field test to evaluate the outcome. Prior to the test, the experimental field's rice straw had a density of 167.49 g/m2, a length of 151 mm, and a moisture content of 7.10%. The paddy field machine was mounted on a Dongfanghong 904 tractor. The machine's working width was 3.6 m, its fixed working depth was 12 cm, its forward speed was 1.6 km/h, and the rotary blade roller's rotational speed was 300 rpm. The data for surface flatness after rotary tillage was measured and calculated using a 3 m ruler and standard deviation formula, while the data for the qualified rate of the rotary tillage depth, the degree of mud mixing, and the rate of burying rice straw were measured using the five-point sampling method. The measured performance index data was compared to the quality standards of the 1_________________________________________________________________________ in order to test the performance of the proposed rotary blade following rotary tillage. Figure 11 depicts the field experiment measurement technique. Table 6 displays the comparison data.
As shown in Table 6 , the planned paddy field rotary blade buried the rice straw at a rate of 92.2%, an increase of 12.2% over the operating quality standards of the technical procedures. After rotary tillage, the surface flatness was reduced by 1.75 cm. In comparison to the technical processes, the qualified rate of rotary tillage depth increased by 2.0%. The amount of mixed mud was reduced by 1.59 kg/m3.
A rotary blade suitable for paddy field preparation was designed. The blade curve, dynamic sliding angle, and other parameters of the rotary blade were theoretically analyzed and designed. By establishing the power consumption model, the experimental factors of the rotary blade such as the working width of a single blade, the bending angle of the front blade, and the blade thickness were obtained.
Field tests were carried out to verify the optimal structural parameters of the rotary blade. The surface flatness after rotary tillage was 3.25 cm, the qualified rate of rotary tillage depth was 93.3%, and the degree of mixing mud was 3.41 kg/dm3, which satisfied the paddy field preparation standards.
The data in Table 7 indicate that the effects of B, H, BC, BH, CH, B2, C2, and H2 on slump error are highly significant (P < 0.01), while the effect of C on slump error is not significant (P > 0.05). The slump error fitted regression model and misfit term P-value of < 0.01 and > 0.05, respectively, indicate that the model fits well with no misfit phenomenon. The coefficient of determination R2 of the regression equation was 0.9915, and the corrected coefficient of determination adj-R2 was 0.9805. These findings indicate that the regression model can be applied to predict soil slump in paddy fields. The regression model for slump error is calculated as:
The basic parameters of the paddy loam soil after 24 h of soaking were determined. The average value of soil density was 1808 kg/m3, the average water content was 32%, and the average slump was 177.4 mm.
The significant factors affecting the test indices were identified using the Plackett-Burman test. The optimum parameter interval was obtained from the steepest ascent test. The regression model of significant factors and test indices was obtained by the Box-Behnken test. The regression model was optimized to obtain the optimum parameters of the significant factors. The findings were surface energy 3.257J/m2, soil shear modulus 0.709 Mpa, and static friction coefficient of soil-iron plate 0.701. Simulation verification using this combination of parameters yielded a slump error value of 2.04% for the paddy loam soil. 5376163bf9
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