The ActionScript programming language allows the development of interactive animations, video games, web applications, desktop applications, and mobile applications. Programmers can implement Flash software using an IDE such as Adobe Animate, Adobe Flash Builder, Adobe Director, FlashDevelop, and Powerflasher FDT. Adobe AIR enables full-featured desktop and mobile applications to be developed with Flash and published for Windows, macOS, Android, iOS, Xbox One, PlayStation 4, Wii U, and Nintendo Switch.

Developers could create rich internet applications and browser plugin-based applets in ActionScript 3.0 programming language with IDEs, including Adobe Flash Builder, FlashDevelop and Powerflasher FDT. Flex applications were typically built using Flex frameworks such as PureMVC.[22]

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The Flash 4 Linux project was an initiative to develop an open source Linux application as an alternative to Adobe Animate. Development plans included authoring capacity for 2D animation, and tweening, as well as outputting SWF file formats. F4L evolved into an editor that was capable of authoring 2D animation and publishing of SWF files. Flash 4 Linux was renamed UIRA. UIRA intended to combine the resources and knowledge of the F4L project and the Qflash project, both of which were Open Source applications that aimed to provide an alternative to the proprietary Adobe Flash.

In the same year that Shumway was abandoned, work began on Ruffle, a flash emulator written in Rust. It also runs in web browsers, by compiling down to WebAssembly and using HTML5 Canvas.[141] In 2020, the Internet Archive added support for emulating SWF by adding Ruffle to its emulation scheme.[142] As of March 2023, Ruffle states that it supports 95% of the AS1/2 language and 73% of the AS1/2 APIs, but does not correctly run most AS3 (AVM2) applications.[citation needed]

Like the HTTP cookie, a flash cookie (also known as a "Local Shared Object") can be used to save application data. Flash cookies are not shared across domains. An August 2009 study by the Ashkan Soltani and a team of researchers at UC Berkeley found that 50% of websites using Flash were also employing flash cookies, yet privacy policies rarely disclosed them, and user controls for privacy preferences were lacking.[209] Most browsers' cache and history suppress or delete functions did not affect Flash Player's writing Local Shared Objects to its own cache in version 10.2 and earlier, at which point the user community was much less aware of the existence and function of Flash cookies than HTTP cookies.[210] Thus, users with those versions, having deleted HTTP cookies and purged browser history files and caches, may believe that they have purged all tracking data from their computers when in fact Flash browsing history remains. Adobe's own Flash Website Storage Settings panel, a submenu of Adobe's Flash Settings Manager web application, and other editors and toolkits can manage settings for and delete Flash Local Shared Objects.[211]

Clusters of severe storms are possible through early tonight, with the most concentrated threat for wind damage, large hail and a few tornadoes from the ArkLaTex southward into east Texas. These storms will also bring heavy rains that may result in isolated to scattered flash flooding. Above average temperatures will spread from Midwest into Mid-Atlantic into early week. Read More >

About FLASH FLASH (Fast Length Adjustment of SHort reads) is a very fast and accurate software tool to merge paired-end reads from next-generation sequencing experiments. FLASH is designed to merge pairs of reads when the original DNA fragments are shorter than twice the length of reads. The resulting longer reads can significantly improve genome assemblies. They can also improve transcriptome assembly when FLASH is used to merge RNA-seq data.

 Accuracy FLASH merges reads from paired-end sequencing runs with very high accuracy. 

 FLASH accuracy on one million 100bp long synthetic pairs generated from fragments with a mean length of 180bp, normaly distributed with a standard deviation of 20bp: 

 No error 1% error rate 2% error rate 3% error rate 5% error rate default parameters 99.73% 99.68% 98.43% 94.76% 77.91% more aggressive parameters 99.73% 99.68% 99.06% 98.30% 93.65% 

 Simulated reads used in the experiments are available here:

 No error 

 1% error 

 2% error 

 3% error 

 5% error

 FLASH accuracy on real data: 

 647,052 pairs of 101bp long reads from Staphylococcus aureus 90.77% 18,252,400 pairs of 101bp long reads from human 91.02% 

 The reads are available at the GAGE site: Reads from GAGE Time requirements The latest version of FLASH includes a multi-threaded mode.

 When run in single threaded mode:

  FLASH takes 120 seconds to process one million 100-bp long pairs on a server with 256GB of RAM and a six-core 2.4GHz AMD Opteron CPU. FLASH takes 129 seconds to process one million 100-bp long pairs on a desktop with 2GB of RAM and a dual-core Intel Xeon 3.00GHz CPU.  Time is linearly proportional to the read length and the number of reads.  Impact of FLASH on genome assemblies Merging mate pairs by FLASH as a pre-processor for genome assembly yields singificantly higher N50 value of contigs and scaffolds. It also reduces the number of missassembled contigs.

 Publication FLASH: Fast length adjustment of short reads to improve genome assemblies. T. Magoc and S. Salzberg. Bioinformatics 27:21 (2011), 2957-63.

 Obtaining the Software This software is OSI Certified Open Source Software. 

 FLASH code or executable can be downloaded from Sourceforge. Release packages can also be directly downloaded from here:  source package: FLASH-1.2.11.tar.gz  precompiled Linux x86_64 binary: FLASH-1.2.11-Linux-x86_64.tar.gz  precompiled Windows binary: FLASH-1.2.11-windows-bin.zip   Questions/Comments/Requests Send an e-mail to flash.comment@gmail.com. 

 Funding This work has been supported in part by NIH grants R01-LM006845, R01-GM083873, and R01-HG006677 to S.L. Salzberg. The Center for Computational Biology at Johns Hopkins University

Flash floods are rapid increases of water in streams and creeks, typically in response to intense rainfall events, that pose significant hazards to motorists, recreationalists, and infrastructure worldwide. The small space-time scales associated with flash floods have made it challenging to predict the precise locations of impending rainfall and resultant impacts.

The Flooded Locations And Simulated Hydrographs Project (FLASH) was launched in early 2012 largely in response to the demonstration and real-time availability of high-resolution, accurate rainfall observations from the MRMS/Q3 project. FLASH introduces a new paradigm in flash flood prediction that uses the MRMS forcing and produces flash flood forecasts at 1-km/5-min resolution through direct, forward simulation. The primary goal of the FLASH project is to improve the accuracy, timing, and specificity of flash flood warnings in the US, thus saving lives and protecting infrastructure. The FLASH team is comprised of researchers and students who use an interdisciplinary and collaborative approach to achieve the goal.

Unlike slow-evolving drought, which is caused by a decline in precipitation, flash drought occurs when low precipitation is accompanied by abnormally high temperatures (e.g., heat waves), high winds, and/or changes in radiation. These sometime-rapid changes can quickly raise evapotranspiration rates and remove available water from the landscape.

The prediction of flash drought is critical to successfully mitigating and preventing damages whenever possible. Scientists have identified evapotranspiration and soil moisture as early warning indicators for the development of flash drought. Changes in evapotranspiration correspond with flash drought in the contiguous United States, indicating that it may be a primary mechanism involved in the sudden onset and intensification of drought conditions.

In one study, researchers found that all flash droughts studied were preceded by sudden increases in evapotranspiration rates caused by changes in heat, wind, and radiation. Soil moisture was plentiful prior to the onset of drought, but decreased as evapotranspiration rates rose. They concluded that changes in evapotranspiration rates are a strong indicator of flash drought (Chen et al. 2020).

Despite the importance of prediction, scientists have found that flash droughts occur even when conditions just two months prior to the event appeared to be unfavorable for drought development, demonstrating that flash drought can occur even when there are no preceding signs that can be detected with known metrics (Christian et al. 2019). Better prediction of flash droughts is an active area of research. NOAA's Climate Prediction Center is currently working on an experimental rapid onset (flash) drought product as a component of their Week-2 U.S. Hazards Outlook.

Flash drought occurs more often than many people realize and can cause major impacts. Significant negative impacts to the agricultural sector have been better documented than impacts to other sectors and the environment. Flash drought has occurred in the southeastern United States as recently as the fall of 2019. In a widespread flash drought across the central U.S. during the summer of 2012, damages in the central Great Plains were estimated to be in excess of $30 billion.

Although most flash droughts do not persist to become prolonged drought, in one study, 5 to 10 percent of flash droughts transitioned to the highest drought category given by the U.S. Drought Monitor: Exceptional Drought, or D4 (Christian et al. 2019).

The Flooded Locations And Simulated Hydrographs Project (FLASH) was launched in early 2012. The primary goal of the FLASH project is to improve the accuracy, timing, and specificity of flash flood warnings in the US, thus saving lives and protecting infrastructure. The FLASH system was demonstrated to double the skill over the legacy flash flood guidance system in the National Weather Service and was subsequently transitioned to the National Centers for Environmental Prediction in 2016 where it continues to serve as a leading tool for monitoring and predicting heavy rainfall events and concomitant flash flooding. 0852c4b9a8

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