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The Ryukyu Kingdom had been conquered by the Japanese Satsuma Domain and had become its vassal state since 1609, but was formally annexed to the Empire of Japan in 1879 as Okinawa Prefecture. The Ryukyuan samurai (Okinawan: samur) who had been the bearers of karate lost their privileged position, and with it, karate was in danger of losing transmission. However, karate gradually regained popularity after 1905, when it began to be taught in schools in Okinawa.

During the Taish era (1912-1926), karate was introduced to mainland Japan by Gichin Funakoshi and Motobu Chki. Karate's popularity was initially sluggish due to its emphasis on kata practice, but when a magazine reported a story about Motobu defeating a foreign boxer in Kyoto, karate rapidly became well known throughout Japan.[4]

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The martial arts movies of the 1960s and 1970s served to greatly increase the popularity of martial arts around the world, and English-speakers began to use the word karate in a generic way to refer to all striking-based Asian martial arts.[10] Karate schools (djs) began appearing around the world, catering to those with casual interest as well as those seeking a deeper study of the art.

Karate, like other Japanese martial arts, is considered to be not only about fighting techniques, but also about spiritual cultivation.[11][12] Many karate schools and djs have established rules called dj kun, which emphasize the perfection of character, the importance of effort, and respect for courtesy.

Karate featured at the 2020 Summer Olympics after its inclusion at the Games was supported by the International Olympic Committee. Web Japan (sponsored by the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs) claims that karate has 50 million practitioners worldwide,[13] while the World Karate Federation claims there are 100 million practitioners around the world.[14]

Since there are no written records it is not known definitely whether the kara in karate was originally written with the character meaning China or the character meaning empty. During the time when admiration for China and things Chinese was at its height in the Rykys it was the custom to use the former character when referring to things of fine quality. Influenced by this practice, in recent times karate has begun to be written with the character to give it a sense of class or elegance.

However, this name change did not immediately spread among Okinawan karate practitioners. There were many karate practitioners, such as Chjun Miyagi, who still used te in everyday conversation until World War II.[17]

Since the 1980s, the term karate () has been written in katakana instead of Chinese characters, mainly by Kyokushin Karate (founder: Masutatsu Oyama).[26] In Japan, katakana is mainly used for foreign words, giving Kyokushin Karate a modern and new impression.

In Okinawa, there was an ancient martial dance called mkata (). The dancers danced to the accompaniment of songs and sanshin music, similar to karate kata. In the Okinawan countryside, mkata remained until the early 20th century. There is a theory that from this mkata with martial elements, te (Okinawan:t, hand) was born and developed into karate. This theory is advocated by Ank Asato and his student Gichin Funakoshi.[27]

It is said that in 1392, a group of professional people known as the "Thirty-six families from Min" migrated to Kume Village (now Kume, Naha City) in Naha from Fujian Province in the Ming Dynasty at that time. They brought with them advanced learning and skills to Ryukyu, and there is a theory that Chinese kenp, the origin of karate, was also brought to Ryukyu at this time.

There is also the "Keich import theory," which states that karate was brought to Ryukyu after the invasion of Ryukyu by the Satsuma Domain (Keich 14, 1609), as well as the theory that it was introduced by Kshkun (Okinawan: Ksank) based on the description in shima Writing.[28]

However, in recent years, many researchers have questioned the causal relationship between the policy of banning weapons and the development of karate.[31] For example, as the basis for King Sh Shin's policy of banning weapons, an inscription on the parapet of the main hall of Shuri Castle (, 1509), which states that "swords, bows and arrows are to be piled up exclusively as weapons of national defense,"[32] has been conventionally interpreted as meaning "weapons were collected and sealed in a warehouse." However, in recent years, researchers of Okinawan studies have pointed out that the correct interpretation is that "swords, bows and arrows were collected and used as weapons of the state."[33]

It is also known that the policy of banning weapons (a 1613 notice to the Ryukyu royal government), which is said to have been implemented by the Satsuma Domain, only prohibited the carrying of swords and other weapons, but not their possession, and was a relatively lax regulation. This notice stated, "(1) The possession of guns is prohibited. (2) The possession of weapons owned privately by princes, three magistrates, and samurai is permitted. (3) Weapons must be repaired in Satsuma through the magistrate's office of Satsuma. (4) Swords must be reported to the magistrate's office of Satsuma for approval."[34] It did not prohibit the possession of weapons (except guns) or even their practice. In fact, even after subjugation to the Satsuma Domain, a number of Ryukyuan masters of swordsmanship, spearmanship, archery, and other arts are known. Therefore, some researchers criticize the theory that karate developed due to the policy of banning weapons as "a rumor on the street with no basis at all."[35]

It is known that in "shima Writing" (1762), written by Yoshihiro Tobe, a Confucian scholar of the Tosa Domain, who interviewed Ryukyuan samurai who had drifted to Tosa (present-day Kchi Prefecture), there is a description of a martial art called kumiai-jutsu () performed by Kshkun (Okinawan:Ksank). It is believed that Kshkun may have been a military officer on a mission from Qing that visited Ryukyu in 1756, and some believe that karate originated with Kshkun.

It is generally believed that today's karate is a result of the synthesis of te (Okinawa-te) and tde. Funakoshi writes, "In the early modern era, when China was highly revered, many martial artists traveled to China to practice Chinese kenpo, and added it to the ancient kenpo, the so-called 'Okinawa-te'. After further study, they discarded the disadvantages of both, adopted their advantages, and added more subtlety, and karate was born."[15]

Early styles of karate are often generalized as Shuri-te, Naha-te, and Tomari-te, named after the three cities from which they emerged.[42] Each area and its teachers had particular kata, techniques, and principles that distinguished their local version of te from the others.

Itosu Ank (1831-1915) studied under Matsumura and Bushi Nagahama of Naha-te.[44] He created the Pin'an forms ("Heian" in Japanese) which are simplified kata for beginning students. In 1905, Itosu helped to get karate introduced into Okinawa's public schools. These forms were taught to children at the elementary school level. Itosu's influence in karate is broad. The forms he created are common across nearly all styles of karate. His students became some of the most well-known karate masters, including Motobu Chy, Motobu Chki, Yabu Kents, Hanashiro Chmo, Gichin Funakoshi and Kenwa Mabuni. Itosu is sometimes referred to as "the Grandfather of Modern Karate."[45]

In 1881, Higaonna Kanry returned from China after years of instruction with Ryu Ryu Ko and founded what would become Naha-te. One of his students was the founder of Goj-ry, Chjun Miyagi. Chjun Miyagi taught such well-known karateka as Seko Higa (who also trained with Higaonna), Meitoku Yagi, Miyazato Ei'ichi, and Seikichi Toguchi, and for a very brief time near the end of his life, An'ichi Miyagi (a teacher claimed by Morio Higaonna).

When Sh Tai, the last king of the Ryky Kingdom, was ordered to move to Tokyo in 1879, he was accompanied by prominent karate masters such as Ank Asato and Chfu Kyan (father of Chtoku Kyan). It is unknown if they taught karate to the Japanese in Tokyo, although there are records that Kyan taught his son karate.[49]

In May 1922, Gichin Funakoshi (founder of Shotokan) presented pictures of karate on two hanging scrolls at the first Physical Education Exhibition in Tokyo.[50] The following June, Funakoshi was invited to the Kodokan to give a karate demonstration in front of Jigoro Kano and other judo experts. This was the beginning of the full-scale introduction of karate in Tokyo.

In November 1922, Motobu Chki (founder of Motobu-ry) participated in a judo versus boxing match in Kyoto, defeating a foreign boxer. The match was featured in Japan's largest magazine "King," which had a circulation of about one million at the time, and karate and Motobu's name became instantly known throughout Japan.[4]

In 1922, Funakoshi published the first book on karate,[51] and in 1926 Motobu published the first technical book on kumite.[52] As karate's popularity grew, karate clubs were established one after another in Japanese universities with Funakoshi and Motobu as instructors.[53][54]

The d suffix implies that karated is a path to self-knowledge, not just a study of the technical aspects of fighting. Like most martial arts practised in Japan, karate made its transition from -jutsu to -d around the beginning of the 20th century. The "d" in "karate-d" sets it apart from karate-jutsu, as aikido is distinguished from aikijutsu, judo from jujutsu, kendo from kenjutsu and iaido from iaijutsu.

On October 25, 1936, a roundtable meeting of karate masters was held in Naha, Okinawa Prefecture, where it was officially decided to change the name of karate from karate (Tang hand) to karate (empty hand). In attendance were Chmo Hanashiro, Chki Motobu, Chtoku Kyan, Jhatsu Kyoda, Chjun Miyagi, Shinpan Gusukuma, and Chshin Chibana. In 2005, the Okinawa Prefectural Assembly passed a resolution to commemorate this decision by designating October 25 as "Karate Day."[57] 006ab0faaa