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5. William Charlton (1970, esp. pp. 139-141), denies that Aristotle demands a continuant for substantial generation, if such changes are sufficiently regular. But in Phys. 1.7 Aristotle argues that all changes, including substantial genera- tions, require a continuant. See Phys. 1.7, 190a13-21 and 190b9-17. 6. I am grateful to Tim Maudlin for suggesting this way of formulating the paradox.

(and solves) this problem in GC 1.1-4 (see esp. 1.4). I discuss the problem of ele- mental transformation and its difference from the typical cases in Gill 1989, chh. 2 and 3. The other two groups of possible exceptions, (2) and (4), need not be so regarded by Aristotle, if, in a particular series of transformations (e.g., from grape juice to wine to vinegar), he takes one stage to be the positive goal and the others to be steps leading to or away from that goal. The various steps can often (though not always, see below, n31) be identified with reference to that goal, e.g., grape juice as a stage in the production, vinegar as a stage in the destruction, of wine (cf. Metaph. r 2, 1003b5-8; H 5, 1044b32-34). In most cases the choice of the positive term can be legislated by some standard of organization, complexity, or function which is lacked by the privative terms. In exceptional cases questions will no doubt arise as to whether the change should count as a substantial gener- ation at all or merely as an alteration of the underlying material. But, barring elemental transformations, I think that all changes designated as substantial gen- erations should fit the construction model. 16. Metaph. H 5, 1045a3-6. 17. Aristotle says that such changes occur "as night from day." See Metaph. H 5, 1045a2-3. At CA 1.18, 724a21-23, in characterizing such changes, he mentions both "night from day" and "man from boy," and he points out that, when one thing comes to be from another in this way the one comes after the other: so there is a definite order to the series. Notice that at GA 1.18,724a20-35, Aristotle presents four ways in which one thing comes to be from another: examples proper to the replacement model (724a26-28) and those that occur "as night from day" belong to different groups. 18. Not always: the circular motion of the cosmos occurs in a single direction.

Jvla Such A Whole

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31. Donald Morrison points out in his commentary that according to my account the influence of matter on the life and death of organisms is almost entirely negative, and he asks how matter can have this negative impact, given that Aristotelian matter "yearns for form, desires life, strives upwards rather than down." This question involves the crucial assumption that the matter from which a composite originates is identified by a set of potentialities for certain transformations. Although I agree that some materials are identified by such potentialities (e.g., the essential nature of KCttCtll1vux is determined by the nature of the organism that it can become), I disagree that this is so in all cases. Although bronze has the potentiality to be a statue, that potentiality is accidental to the bronze. And the ultimate materials for generation, namely the four ele- ments, are determined as what they are, not by the higher composites that they can become, but by their capacity for natural motion to their proper places (earth toward the center, fire toward the sphere of the moon, and water and air toward the intermediate regions) and by their respective active and passive capacities (earth is cold and dry water cold and wet, air hot and wet, fire hot and dry). If I am right about this, the ultimate matter out of which composites are generated does not "strive upwards" toward complexity but downwards toward simplicity, and it is this fact that accounts for the perishability of composite bodies in the sublunary sphere. e24fc04721