"The third edition of Introduction to Human Resource Management: Fresh Perspectives has been signifi cantly updated and expanded to include the latest trends that are impacting the way people work today, while still keeping the same accessible approach that the series is known for. This book is aimed at fi rst-year students registered for a qualifi cation that requires a foundational understanding of Human Resource Management. It is also an ideal complement to students studying towards business-related qualifi cations such as the Diploma in Management, the Certifi cate in Sales Management, the Certifi cate in Marketing Communications Practice and the Diploma in Business Studies

Introduction to Human Resource Management: Fresh Perspectives is an invaluable resource for all human resource management students, lecturers and practitioners. It is accompanied by supplementary resources such as Test Banks and PowerPoint slide summaries for each of the 13 chapters in the book."



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This article discusses fundamental concepts that apply to both internal and external recruiting. It highlights a wide variety of external recruiting techniques that employers can apply to meet their particular needs. The article also references federal and state laws that impact affect the recruiting function. 


Economic conditions, site expansions, mergers and competitive activity all affect hiring decisions. In developing a business case for recruitment, an employer must consider the primary purpose of the position, the financial and operational reasons for creating or refilling a vacant position, and whether the duties of the job could be absorbed within existing staff. If a position is not created or refilled, the employer may experience financial losses as a result, and HR professionals must be prepared to communicate this impact.

Organizations must give careful consideration to whether they recruit internally or externally. Many employers prefer to conduct internal recruitment first and turn to external recruitment only if internal efforts are unsuccessful. Internal recruitments are less expensive because there are little to no recruiting fees, and they generally don't require extensive training, referral bonuses, or travel and relocation costs. Internal recruitments are also usually quicker. For an internal hire, the process may be completed within a few weeks. Internal hires usually have the support of managers and readily available performance review documents, and managers have a good sense of the strengths of the employee. It can also be easier for employees to succeed at a new job in the same company because they already have workplace connections and knowledge of the corporate culture. Of primary importance also is the fact that internal recruitment is good for employee morale. If employees constantly see positions being filled externally, they may feel that they have no future at their organization and may lose motivation or resign for a better opportunity elsewhere. See Staples Encourages Internal Mobility to Retain Top Talent.

Employers use external recruitment to attract individuals with the necessary skill sets that are not found in-house or when seeking to grow the business or take it in a different direction. A fresh perspective is one benefit of bringing someone new into the organization.

HR's role in recruiting often depends on the size of the organization. A large company may have one or more HR professionals devoted full-time to the task of recruiting. In a small organization, an HR generalist may need to recruit on a sporadic basis. Regardless of the size of the employer, the fundamental requirements (such as use of job analysis and job descriptions), techniques (including social media) and laws will apply.

HR must not only ensure compliance in the recruiting process but also act as a business partner with a strategic talent acquisition approach. Recruitment is a key role for HR professionals because acquiring talent is essential for an organization to meet its goals and to succeed in a rapidly changing marketplace. See What You Need to Know About Sourcing Job Candidates.


Employers generally use some combination of internal and external recruitment tactics. Both approaches have certain basics in common: A foundation in rigorous job analysis; well-crafted job descriptions; and compliance with applicable laws, especially equal employment opportunity laws.

When a role needs to be filled (either internally or externally), HR should schedule an intake meeting with the hiring manager to learn more about the job, the essential requirements and the profile of the ideal candidate. The recruiting strategy (how are we going to find these internal or external candidates) can be discussed, and expectations can be set (what will HR do, what will the hiring manager do, etc.). Using a checklist of questions and discussion topics to address during these meetings can help to capture the key elements, and sending a follow-up e-mail to the hiring manager outlining the agreements and expectations that were set during the meeting can ensure everyone is on the same page. See Recruiting 101: 5 Tips for Better Communication with Hiring Managers.


Before the recruitment process begins, employers should first conduct a job analysis to determine the elements of the job and then develop a job description that defines the job responsibilities and skill sets needed to perform it. See Performing Job Analysis and Job Analysis Template.

Employers are becoming more open to considering previously overlooked talent such as persons with criminal histories, veterans, individuals without college degrees, older workers, etc. Expanding the talent pool in this manner is becoming a necessity in the competitive labor market.

Although equal employment opportunity laws prohibit unlawful discrimination, they usually do not require formal affirmative action programs. Employers generally implement affirmative action programs as a condition of doing business with the federal or a state government. However, a court could require an affirmative action program as a remedy for discrimination. In addition, some employers adopt affirmative action programs as a voluntary remedy for past patterns of discrimination. See What is the difference between EEO, affirmative action and diversity?

Many employers use internal job postings to encourage employees to identify internal promotional opportunities and respond to those openings for which they have skills and interest. See What are the benefits to posting jobs internally?

Some companies have a more closed approach to internal recruitment and may ask managers to nominate high-performing individuals as candidates for internal roles. This tends to be an informal system, yet it may be highly effective in smaller organizations in which individuals are familiar with the work of employees in other departments. However, this approach may appear or in fact involve favoritism or unlawful discrimination. The consequences of either of these may offset any benefits the employer may gain by promoting from within.

Human resource information systems (HRISs) are commonly used to track various personnel-related issues. These may include a database of employees' knowledge, skills and abilities (KSAs). New hires can create a KSA profile that details their background, experiences and career goals and update the profile periodically, usually in conjunction with a performance review or career development discussion. This database can used by HR to identify individuals for potential promotion or transfer.

Organizations can use succession planning strategies not only to identify the potential talent in the organization, but also to establish developmental plans to help prepare individuals for promotional roles. See Retool Your Succession Planning to Meet Future Challenges.

Before deciding which recruiting method to use, organizations should first determine whether the ideal candidates are passive or active job seekers. Those who are unemployed or unhappy in their current employment are generally active job seekers, and those who are satisfied and successfully working at another place of business are generally passive job seekers. Most employers, because they are looking for candidates who have a positive record of employment and are satisfied in their work, target passive job seekers.

However, many of the traditional recruitment strategies target active job seekers. For example, posting open positions on an employer's careers website and commercial job boards assumes that interested job seekers are looking for these messages, thus making this strategy appealing to active and not passive job seekers.

Employers must develop strategies that will interest passive job seekers in the employment opportunities they offer. Usually, more assertive strategies will reach passive job seekers, such as direct sourcing (directly approaching potential candidates, often at their places of employment) via telephone and social media, such as LinkedIn. See How to Target Passive Job Seekers.

It is important to understand that the job description is not always an effective job posting/vacancy announcement. For the job posting/vacancy announcement to serve as a magnet to attract the right candidates to the job, it should include information about what a prospective candidate may get from the job rather than just the job duties and requirements. Great job postings can be used in communicating the "WIIFM" (what's in it for me?) message and should include why candidates should be interested in the job; detail what's great about the company, such as career paths, benefits, etc.; and provide candidates a realistic idea of the type of work they'll be doing. It should not be a long list of candidate requirements. A good job posting should compel the right candidates to apply. See Crafting the Perfect Job Ad and Salary Is Most Important Part of Job Ad. 152ee80cbc

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