If Today Were Your Last Day On Earth Pdf Download LINK

As someone once said, "live each day as if it was your last", the last day on the earth for me would be something that will be sum up my life. Every individual would have their own approach to spend the last day, and so, for me, it would be -

Dinosaurs went extinct about 65 million years ago (at the end of the Cretaceous Period), after living on Earth for about 165 million years. If all of Earth time from the very beginning of the dinosaurs to today were compressed into 365 days (one calendar year), the dinosaurs appeared January 1 and became extinct the third week of September. (Using this same time scale, the Earth would have formed approximately 18.5 years earlier.) Using the same scale, people (Homo sapiens) have been on earth only since December 31 (New Year's eve). The dinosaurs' long period of dominance certainly makes them unqualified successes in the history of life on Earth.

If Today Were Your Last Day On Earth Pdf Download

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In geologic terms, a plate is a large, rigid slab of solid rock.The word tectonics comes from the Greek root "to build."Putting these two words together, we get the term plate tectonics,which refers to how the Earth's surface is built of plates. The theoryof plate tectonics states that the Earth's outermost layer is fragmentedinto a dozen or more large and small plates that are moving relative toone another as they ride atop hotter, more mobile material. Before the adventof plate tectonics, however, some people already believed that the present-daycontinents were the fragmented pieces of preexisting larger landmasses ("supercontinents").The diagrams below show the break-up of the supercontinent Pangaea(meaning "all lands" in Greek), which figured prominently in thetheory of continental drift -- the forerunner to the theory of plate

tectonics.

According to the continental drift theory, the supercontinentPangaea began to break up about 225-200 million years ago, eventuallyfragmenting into the continents as we know them today. Plate tectonics is a relatively new scientific concept, introduced some30 years ago, but it has revolutionized our understanding of the dynamicplanet upon which we live. The theory has unified the study of the Earthby drawing together many branches of the earth sciences, from paleontology(the study of fossils) to seismology (the study of earthquakes).It has provided explanations to questions that scientists had speculatedupon for centuries -- such as why earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occurin very specific areas around the world, and how and why great mountainranges like the Alps and Himalayas formed.

Why is the Earth so restless? What causes the ground to shake violently,volcanoes to erupt with explosive force, and great mountain ranges to riseto incredible heights? Scientists, philosophers, and theologians have wrestledwith questions such as these for centuries. Until the 1700s, most Europeansthought that a Biblical Flood played a major role in shaping the Earth'ssurface. This way of thinking was known as "catastrophism," andgeology (the study of the Earth) was based on the belief that allearthly changes were sudden and caused by a series of catastrophes. However,by the mid-19th century, catastrophism gave way to "uniformitarianism,"a new way of thinking centered around the "Uniformitarian Principle"proposed in 1785 by James Hutton, a Scottish geologist. This principle iscommonly stated as follows: The present is the key to the past. Thoseholding this viewpoint assume that the geologic forces and processes --gradual as well as catastrophic -- acting on the Earth today are the sameas those that have acted in the geologic past.Tectonic plates [115 k]

The belief that continents have not always been fixed in their present positionswas suspected long before the 20th century; this notion was first suggestedas early as 1596 by the Dutch map maker Abraham Ortelius in his work ThesaurusGeographicus. Ortelius suggested that the Americas were "torn awayfrom Europe and Africa . . . by earthquakes and floods" and went onto say: "The vestiges of the rupture reveal themselves, if someonebrings forward a map of the world and considers carefully the coasts ofthe three [continents]." Ortelius' idea surfaced again in the 19thcentury. However, it was not until 1912 that the idea of moving continentswas seriously considered as a full-blown scientific theory -- called ContinentalDrift -- introduced in two articles published by a 32-year-old Germanmeteorologist named Alfred Lothar Wegener. He contended that, around 200million years ago, the supercontinent Pangaea began to split apart. AlexanderDu Toit, Professor of Geology at Witwatersrand University and one of Wegener'sstaunchest supporters, proposed that Pangaea first broke into two largecontinental landmasses, Laurasia in the northern hemisphere and Gondwanalandin the southern hemisphere. Laurasia and Gondwanaland then continued tobreak apart into the various smaller continents that exist today.

In 1858, geographer Antonio Snider-Pellegrini made thesetwo maps showing his version of how the American and African continentsmay once have fit together, then later separated. Left: The formerly joinedcontinents before (avant) their separation. Right: The continents after(aprs) the separation. (Reproductions of the original maps courtesyof University of California, Berkeley.)

The changes implemented that year have created challenges for historians and genealogists working with early colonial records, since it is sometimes hard to determine whether information was entered according to the then-current English calendar or the "New Style" calendar we use today.

Throughout history there have been numerous attempts to convey time in relation to the sun and moon. Even now the Chinese and Islamic calendars are based on the motion of the moon around the earth, rather than the motion of the earth in relation to the sun, and the Jewish calendar links years to the cycle of the sun and months to the cycle of the moon.

The Julian Calendar

In 45 B.C., Julius Caesar ordered a calendar consisting of twelve months based on a solar year. This calendar employed a cycle of three years of 365 days, followed by a year of 366 days (leap year). When first implemented, the "Julian Calendar" also moved the beginning of the year from March 1 to January 1. However, following the fall of the Roman Empire in the fifth century, the new year was gradually realigned to coincide with Christian festivals until by the seventh century, Christmas Day marked the beginning of the new year in many countries.

However, despite all the changes that were to come, by the end of the Cambrian nearly all existing animal types, or phyla, (mollusks, arthropods, annelids, etc.) were established, and food webs were emerging, forming the foundation for the ecosystems on Earth today.

Looking back at the 2 extra degrees of warmth last time CO2 levels were this high (Pliocene era, 3 million years ago), should be enough of a call to action considering the damage two more degrees would cause today.

So-in this my last good night to you as your President-I thank you for the many opportunities you have given me for public service in war and peace. I trust that in that service you find somethings worthy; as for the rest of it, I know you will find ways to improve performance in the future.

"If the economy of today were operating close to capacity levels with little unemployment, or if a sudden change in our military requirements should cause a scramble for men and resources, then I would oppose tax reductions as irresponsible and inflationary; and I would not hesitate to recommend a tax increase if that were necessary." --"Address and Question and Answer Period at the Economic Club of New York (549)," December 14, 1962, Public Papers of the Presidents: John F. Kennedy, 1962.

Scientists know more about the climate of the Holocene, which began after the last major ice age ended 12,000 years ago, than any other multi-millennial period. There are published studies from a variety of natural archives that store information about historical changes that occurred in the atmosphere, oceans, snow and ice packs, and on land; studies that look at the forces that drove past climate changes, such as Earth's orbit, solar radiation, volcanic eruptions and greenhouse gases; and climate model simulations that demonstrate the influence of those forces on global temperature. All these types of studies were included in this review. 17dc91bb1f