Abstract. An advanced coupling between a three-dimensional ocean circulation model (CROCO) and a spectral wave model (WAVEWATCH-III) is presented to better represent wave-current interactions in coastal areas. In the previous implementation of the coupled interface between these two models, some of the wave-induced terms in the ocean dynamic equations were computed from their monochromatic approximations (e.g., Stokes drift, Bernoulli head, near-bottom wave orbital velocity, wave-to-ocean energy flux). In the present study the exchanges of these fields computed from the spectral wave model are implemented and evaluated. A set of numerical experiments for a coastal configuration of the circulation near the Bay of Somme (France) is designed. The impact of the spectral versus monochromatic computation of wave-induced terms significantly affects the hydrodynamics at coastal scale in the case of storm waves and winds opposed to tidal flows, reducing the wave-induced deceleration of the vertical profile of tidal currents. This new implementation provides current magnitudes closer to measurements than those predicted using their monochromatic formulations, particularly at the free surface. The spectral surface Stokes drift and the near-bottom wave orbital velocity are found to be the most impacting spectral fields, respectively increasing advection towards the free surface and shifting the profile close to the seabed. In the particular case of the Bay of Somme, the approximation of these spectral terms with their monochromatic counterparts ultimately results in an underestimation of ocean surface currents. Our model developments thus provide a better description of the competing effects of tides, winds, and waves on the circulation of coastal seas with implications to the study of air-sea interactions and sediment transport processes.
I found the manuscript relatively well organised, though not particularly well written. At least, it could have used a few more readings by the authors: e.g. some internal notes made by the authors remain in the core of the manuscript (see at lines 102-107), which is not acceptable in my opinion. The efforts to incorporate full spectral representation of wave quantities are welcome, as it should help to get a better and more realistic representation of wave forces while modelling wave-current interactions with this modelling system. The (scientific) novelty is not obvious, though, since similar efforts made by other authors in ROMS are overlooked, and such spectral representation already exists in other modelling systems. So it is not clear to me whether this contribution justifies a publication or not. I have several major comments on the present work that, I think, should be addressed before a resubmission:
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This section feels quite tedious to read, with too many and sometimes irrelevant details given the scope of the present study. I think that the authors need to reshape this section and keep the most relevant information only.
Line 360-363: to me, it simply shows how dependent the local model is to the forcing, and that there is a systematic low bias at every high tide (half a meter). Then, the authors provide some explanation to the observed phase shift, while it clearly comes from the forcing. How does the original hydrodynamic model (that served to derive the forcing) compare with the data?
Kumar et al. (2017) proposed a significant advancement in modelling wave-current interactions through the advocacy of spectral reconstruction for the forcing and coupling of wave-current models. This approach, rooted in the partitioning of WaveWatchIII, delivers more accurate estimates of the Stokes drift when compared to the spectral peak monochromatic approximation of Uchiyama et al. (2010), which often results in underestimations. Later, Liu et al. (2021) confirmed the need of spectral estimates of the Stokes drift for both deep- and intermediate-water applications. Our study aligns with this methodology by employing full spectra from a regional spectral model to force our wave model and incorporating spectral estimates of the Stokes drift. Moreover, we have introduced additional spectral field exchanges to further refine the description of wave-current interactions, thereby distinguishing our novel approach.
Romero et al. (2021) introduced a novel ROMS WEC (Wave Effects on Currents) framework that extended the monochromatic approach of Uchiyama et al. (2010). This extension encompassed spectral approximations of Stokes drift, Bernoulli head, and wave-induced vertical mixing, achieved through iterative computations and a switching mechanism between deep- and shallow-water formulations. Hypolite et al. (2021) used this framework to explore the impacts of the spectral approach on ocean mesoscale circulation variability, revealing relatively modest wave effects despite larger Stokes drift estimates. In consonance with their work, we have incorporated the exchange of spectral Bernoulli head in our model coupling. Additionally, our enhancements encompass novel spectral field exchanges designed to provide a more precise representation of the wave-induced bottom boundary layer. This includes the exchange of spectral bottom wave orbital velocity, which we have demonstrated to have a comparable impact on macro-tidal current profiles to that of the Stokes drift in our specific application. Notably, our study accentuates the significant influence of wave effects on macro-tidal currents, further distinguishing our research from prior investigations.
Regarding technical aspects, our coupled model uses different hydrodynamic and wave spectral models than the cited systems. These models are not integrated with each other, requiring a third model for coupling and thus introducing associated complexities and advantages. To do so, the CROCO coupled system uses the OASIS-MCT coupler, which is a set of libraries allowing for parallel exchanges and grid interpolations between different models. This framework has multiple advantages such as the possibility of choosing different grids for the different models (and eventually different nesting strategies), the possibility of choosing the coupling frequency, the exchanged variables, etc. This interface is thus particularly flexible and allows coupling CROCO with any model included in the OASIS-MCT library. Furthermore, the computational grids used by CROCO (which is not necessarily the same of the wave model) are structured rather than unstructured as the cited modelling systems.
Regarding historic aspects, ROMS was originally designed for regional oceanic applications. CROCO inherited from ROMS and recent model developments added up new capacities to link the regional, coastal and nearshore scales. Our work, in line with these recent advances, concentrates on its adaptation for intermediate-water macro-tidal conditions, distinguishing it from the cited modelling frameworks which are more nearshore-oriented.
In our research, we used a numerical model that incorporates wind stresses at the free surface, tidal currents and levels as well as full wave spectra at the offshore boundaries to simulate the hydrodynamics within the macro-tidal bay of Somme in the English Channel. This choice of setup was grounded in our belief that these specific forcing terms are the most pertinent factors for capturing the dynamics of the study area.
Addressing the concern related to water levels and currents, we acknowledge the possibility that the proximity of the southern boundary to the measurement sites could result in an appearance of excessive control by the imposed forcing. To investigate this, we conducted an additional numerical simulation with an extended computational grid in the south and west directions, effectively placing the measurement sites further from the open boundaries. In this new simulation, we limited the forcing to only the west and north offshore boundaries to assess the independence of the hydrodynamic model results from the relative distance between the forcing boundary and the measurement locations (refer to Figure 1). The results of this supplementary simulation align closely with the outputs of the original simulation which solely employed tidal forcing. This congruence is evident in terms of circulation patterns (as illustrated in the tidal flood snapshot, Figure 2, which can be compared with Figure 6 of the submitted manuscript), time series of near-bottom currents (Figure 3), and
discussed vertical profiles (Figure 4). These additional results convincingly demonstrate that the boundary was situated at a sufficient distance from the measurement locations where vertical velocity profiles were examined. It is vital to emphasize also that the discrepancies observed in the modelled tidal currents between different tidal forcing setups are approximately one order of magnitude lower than those found when comparing pure tidal profiles with those influenced by wind and waves (as evident if comparing Figure 4 with Figure 13 of the submitted manuscript), particularly as we approach the free surface.
Based on these additional results, we assert with confidence that the choice of tidal forcing in our simulations does not exert undue control over the modelled hydrodynamics. This support our validation of the macro-tidal currents influenced by wind and waves in the bay of Somme and the discussion of the substantial added value derived from the incorporation of additional spectral wave field exchanges.
To provide a comprehensive context for our study and elucidate the rationale for our choice of modelling application, it is essential to place our research within the framework of its funding project. The DEMLIT project, funded by SHOM in collaboration with the University of Caen Normandy, is dedicated to investigate the sand filling dynamics in the Bay of Somme. The submitted manuscript represents the initial phase of this project, focusing on the macro-tidal circulation off the bay and its interactions with offshore winds and waves. To do this we employed available tidal atlases and low-resolution bathymetric data from SHOM complemented by in-situ measurements from the University. It is important to note that we did not account for wave effects on currents below 2 meters water depth, as the interpolation of the low-res bathy data within the bay resulted in steep seabed gradients, leading to numerical instabilities in the surf zone. 0852c4b9a8
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