World History of Alpine Skiing,
A Sun Valley Idaho Story
by
Basil Service
by
Basil Service
The world professional racing circuit found its beginnings on the slopes of Aspen, guided by Friedl Pfeifer’s vision and his ability to attract many of the world’s greatest skiers. The International Professional Ski Racers Association (IPSRA) held its debut race on Aspen’s Buttermilk Mountain in 1961, featuring talents such as double Olympic medalist Toni Spiss, World Champion Anderl Molterer, and Olympic gold medalist Stein Eriksen. Yet it was Sun Valley’s 34‑year‑old Christian Pravda who claimed victory in the slalom, taking the purse.
The following season, Sun Valley itself hosted the world’s first televised professional ski race, bringing the sport to a wider audience and cementing its place in popular culture. Though the IPSRA lasted only until the 1967–68 ski season, its brief existence was transformative. It created the model of the professional ski racer and paved the way for future organizations—most notably the launch of the World Cup in 1966, which carried professional racing into a new era.
Fred Iselin of Sun Valley assumed the role of Ski School Director at Aspen’s Buttermilk, while Stein Eriksen became head of the Aspen Highlands following his departure from Sun Valley. Meanwhile, Alix Cushing, a Harvard Law School graduate, developed a new resort in the Sierra Nevada of Northern California. Squaw Valley opened in 1949 with a single double chairlift, a rope tow, and a modest fifty‑five‑room lodge.
Freshly departed from the slopes of Sun Valley, Émile Allais took charge of Squaw Valley’s ski school, bringing European expertise to the fledgling resort. In February 1960, Squaw Valley hosted the VIII Olympic Winter Games and FIS World Championships, welcoming over 800 athletes from 30 national teams.
These Games marked two historic firsts: the first televised Olympics and the first Winter Games to feature alpine skiing events in the United States. The 1960 Olympics brought international publicity to the Lake Tahoe region and reignited interest in the French alpine racing program, which had been revitalized under Allais’s influence.
Dominating the alpine events at Squaw Valley, French racers such as Jean Vuarnet, Guy Périllat, and Charles Bozon began turning heads with a bold new approach to skiing. Vuarnet became the first downhill racer to win Olympic gold on non‑wooden, metal skis designed by Émile Allais. Teaming with his coach, Georges Joubert—a prolific French ski trainer and the most published author of ski technique books and articles in history—Vuarnet helped introduce a new philosophy of skiing. Together they published How to Ski the New French Way in 1960, a work translated into English in 1967 that influenced ski schools across the United States.
Joubert, serving as Director of Alpine Skiing at the University of Grenoble, oversaw the world’s largest ski school through the Grenoble University Club. He coined the term “avalement” (meaning “swallowing”) to describe a technique he claimed was essential for winning races. The French approach quickly proved its merit: at the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck, Austria, French skiers captured seven of the twenty‑three alpine medals awarded.
Yet not all French hopes were fulfilled. In the men’s giant slalom, a young Jean‑Claude Killy from Val‑d’Isère—heavily favored to win—finished a disappointing fifth. Still, this setback marked the beginning of Killy’s rise into the annals of alpine ski history, heralding yet another French challenge to Austria’s dominance on the slopes.
Using techniques described by Georges Joubert in many of his writings, Jean‑Claude Killy became the first World Cup champion in 1967, winning an astonishing 12 of 17 racing titles—a feat that, in all probability, will never be equaled by today’s highly specialized World Cup racers. Even more remarkably, Killy captured the season titles in all three disciplines—Slalom, Giant Slalom, and Downhill—winning all five downhill races and four of the five giant slalom races.
But it was the 1968 Winter Olympic Games in Grenoble that cemented France’s dominance in alpine skiing. That year, American racers failed to win a single alpine medal, while Killy achieved the Triple Crown of Alpine Skiing, sweeping the Downhill, Giant Slalom, and Slalom events. His triumph echoed Toni Sailer’s legendary sweep at the 1956 Cortina Winter Games, proving that what many thought impossible could, in fact, be repeated.
Yet Killy’s sweep was not without controversy—and, fittingly, it involved an Austrian rival.
Karl Schranz, born in Hannes Schneider’s St. Anton, Austria, rose to prominence in the 1960s and early 1970s as one of alpine skiing’s greatest competitors, earning one Olympic medal and five World Championship titles. In 1965, he dominated Sun Valley’s Harriman Cup, sweeping all events.
At the 1968 Grenoble Winter Games, Schranz posted the fastest time in the slalom’s first run but was forced to repeat his second run after a race official stepped onto the course. His third run was nearly as strong as the first, leaving him first overall and seemingly destined for Olympic gold. Yet controversy followed: a second official claimed Schranz had missed a gate on his second run. With Jean‑Claude Killy already holding gold in the downhill and giant slalom—and positioned for silver in the slalom—the jury ruled 3–2 to disqualify Schranz, awarding Killy the gold and completing his historic sweep.
To this day, many believe partisan French officials unfairly denied Schranz victory, ensuring Killy could replicate Toni Sailer’s 1956 triple triumph.
Killy himself maintained close ties to Sun Valley, visiting its slopes on dozens of occasions. According to Sun Valley publicist Dorice Taylor, he declared it the world’s second‑best resort, surpassed only by his hometown of Val‑d’Isère, France—perhaps, as some suggest, another partisan French opinion.
The 1960s marked the end of an era for Sun Valley and Union Pacific’s stewardship of the aging resort. In 1964, Union Pacific discontinued rail service to Sun Valley. Though Amtrak continued limited service through the 1970s with its “Snow Ball Ski Trains,” the last train to Ketchum arrived in November 1981.
By the early 1960s, Union Pacific officials had begun consulting with members of the Janss Corporation on how to renovate and compete with more progressive ski destinations. Proposals for multimillion‑dollar investments failed to gain traction with the Board of Directors, who instead recommended an outright sale of the resort. In 1964, Bill Janss and the Janss Corporation purchased Sun Valley, acquiring full control by 1968.
Janss, a visionary “idea man,” embarked on a developmental pilgrimage that restored Sun Valley to the forefront of the world’s premier ski resorts. His ambitious plan centered on Bald Mountain, where he more than doubled the number of ski trails and lifts, while opening up both the Warm Springs and Seattle Ridge sides of the mountain. These enhancements reaffirmed Baldy’s reputation as arguably the best ski mountain in the world. To finance the improvements, Janss also expanded condominium and home developments, reshaping Sun Valley’s landscape and ensuring its continued vitality.
While Sun Valley’s advancements on Bald Mountain forged ahead, new developments in boot and ski design—combined with the world’s infatuation with the skiing genius of Jean‑Claude Killy—once again transformed the way the world would ski. The introduction of plastic boots and fiberglass composite skis provided greater support and maneuverability, particularly for those daring enough to tackle moguls. These innovations gave rise to “avalement” pioneers, many of whom made Sun Valley their home.
As crowds grew and equipment advanced, moguls on ski slopes worldwide swelled to enormous proportions. Sun Valley’s Bald Mountain quickly earned a reputation for hosting some of the globe’s most demanding mogul fields. Runs such as Exhibition, Holiday, and Limelight fostered a new breed of skier—athletes who embraced styles, techniques, and freedoms that stood in sharp contrast to the regimented discipline of alpine racing.
Among them was Bob Burns of Sun Valley, widely credited as the world’s first freestyle skier. In 1969, ski filmmaker Dick Barrymore first witnessed Burns carving down Lower Holiday on Bald Mountain. That vision of Burns’s free‑spirited style profoundly influenced Barrymore, reshaping his career and sparking a new era in ski filmmaking.
Bob Burns, along with Sun Valley skiers Jim Stelling, George King, Bob Griswold, Bob Hamilton, and Pat Bauman, gained instant celebrity through Dick Barrymore’s films, as the new sport of freestyle skiing found its earliest beginnings on the slopes of Bald Mountain.
Soon, organized freestyle competitions erupted across the United States. What began in the moguls quickly expanded skyward into aerials and eventually into half‑pipe competitions. Mogul contests on Sun Valley’s Exhibition run, as well as the 1975 World Freestyle Championships at Snowbird, Utah, showcased rising talents such as John Clendenin, Wayne Wong, and Sun Valley’s own mogul champions Eddie Ferguson, Dino Dudunakus, and Scott Hanson.
Meanwhile, equipment continued to evolve. The mid‑ to late 1970s saw the introduction of shorter, wider skis and higher boot tops, innovations that reshaped freestyle technique. Ski lengths stretched long again in the 1980s, only to shorten once more by the mid‑1990s with the advent of today’s parabolic designs.
In the era of Joubert’s “avalement,” Killy’s celebrity, and Bob Burns’s freestyle skiing, Sun Valley’s Austrian‑dominated ski school continued to uphold the sound fundamentals of its heritage, while adapting with subtle innovations. Sigi Engl, Sun Valley’s Ski School Director, recognized the rising appeal of freestyle skiing long before it gained widespread admiration. He hired Bob Burns and Bob Griswold as instructors, integrating their pioneering style into the school’s curriculum.
Engl, together with his assistant director Sep Froehlich, frequently scoured the globe in search of the world’s finest skiers. Their efforts extended to international forums such as the Interski Congress, which had originated in Zürs, Arlberg, Austria, in 1951. There, representatives of Europe’s alpine nations gathered to exchange knowledge on technique and teaching methodology.
The first Interski Congress held outside Europe took place in the United States, hosted in Aspen, Colorado, in 1968. Sun Valley’s participation in such events underscored its commitment to blending Austrian tradition with emerging global trends, ensuring its ski school remained both authoritative and progressive.
Traveling to Aspen, Colorado, Sigi Engl and Sep Froehlich witnessed the world’s greatest skiers demonstrate their nations’ versions of the alpine ski turn. Once again, the Austrian team proved ahead of the curve, showcasing a technique that allowed a small space between the legs and skis. This stance contrasted sharply with the popular “reverse shoulder” style of the day—skis pressed tightly together in the wedeling form—and instead offered a more functional, balanced position.
Sigi paid particular attention to a skier from his hometown of Kitzbühel, whose talent stood out among the demonstrations: Rainer Kolb. Born in 1939, at the onset of the Second World War, Kolb’s early life was marked by hardship. The eldest of three children, he and his family lost their Bavarian home in 1944 to Allied bombing, forcing them to flee to the snow‑covered Alps of St. Anton, where they lived briefly with an aunt.
Kolb’s father, serving in the German army, died in 1945 in a French concentration camp, prompting yet another move. After less than a year in St. Anton, the family relocated to Kitzbühel, Austria, where they stayed with another aunt who owned a mountain restaurant and inn. By chance, these accommodations sat at the top of the legendary Hahnenkamm Downhill Ski Race course. First run in 1931, the Hahnenkamm quickly became known as the world’s most prestigious—and most demanding—downhill race, a fitting backdrop for the young skier’s formative years.
Rainer’s skiing skills evolved quickly as he and several friends made winter dashes down the Hahnenkamm on their way to school. While most participants in this morning schuss were boys, one determined girl—Christl Haas—dared to challenge them. Racing Rainer, his companions, and even the aerial tram down the Hahnenkamm each winter morning, Haas soon rose to become one of the world’s greatest skiers, earning Olympic medals in 1964 and 1968 along with four Downhill World Cup Championships.
Haas was not alone. The slopes of Kitzbühel produced more alpine skiing Olympic medals than any other town in the world, with champions such as Toni Sailer, Ernst Hinterseer, Hias Leitner, Anderl Molterer, and Sun Valley legends Sigi Engl and Christian Pravda.
By age 16, Rainer was already a two‑time Kitzbühel Area Junior Champion, a success that earned him a place on the prestigious Junior Austrian Tyrolean Ski Team, where he specialized in giant slalom. In 1958, at just 18, he was invited to compete in the Hahnenkamm Downhill, though he placed disappointingly in a field crowded with Austria’s elite.
Despite his tremendous racing talent, Rainer struggled to secure first‑place finishes against the dominant Austrian racers of the late 1950s and early 1960s. Redirecting his energy, he pursued studies in ski instruction and pharmacy, earning his Austrian Full Ski Certification in 1963 with the highest marks ever recorded. His achievement caught the attention of Stefan Kruckenhauser, Professor of Biology and Sport at the University of Innsbruck, who invited Rainer to help certify Austrian instructors at St. Christoph in the Arlberg.
In 1967, when Japan adopted the Austrian Ski System for its national teaching curriculum, Rainer traveled there with Kruckenhauser to assist in its inception. Earlier, in 1964, he had been chosen as one of Austria’s eight most elite skiers to represent the nation at Interski, which led to his first journey to the United States. By 1968, while skiing in Aspen, Rainer’s talents caught the eye of the local ski school director, who offered him a position.
As fate would have it, Sun Valley legends Sigi Engl and Sep Froehlich were also in attendance and quickly extended their own offer. Accepting the Sun Valley position, Rainer moved to Idaho with his wife and son. His wife, originally from Spokane, Washington, already knew Sun Valley well, having worked at the resort during a prior winter season.
As Sun Valley entered the early 1970s, owner Bill Janss faced pressing concerns with the ski school. In an era increasingly influenced by the French and the teaching concepts of Georges Joubert, Jean Vuarnet, and Jean‑Claude Killy, Janss felt that the Austrian‑dominated school needed a new direction. Sun Valley’s nearly two‑decade drought of Olympic medals only deepened his unease.
On several occasions, Janss sent Paul Ramlaw, one of Sun Valley’s lead instructors, to the newly developed resort at Vail, Colorado to study its success in attracting customers. In 1972, Janss made the decisive move to replace the legendary Sigi Engl with Sun Valley’s second non‑Austrian director: Paul Ramlaw.
Ramlaw, who grew up in Ballston Lake, New York, had joined the Sun Valley Ski School in 1953 under the guidance of Engl, Sep Froehlich, Les Outzs, and Bill Butterfield. According to former director Rainer Kolb, Ramlaw was both “an incredibly nice person to deal with” and “an amazingly technically oriented skier.” His approach to instruction closely followed Joubert’s principles of avalement—or “bend‑stretch skiing.” Joubert described avalement as a way for skiers to maintain a smooth downhill line through bumps, “swallowing” terrain irregularities by allowing the knees to fold and unfold like an accordion.
Ramlaw’s technical expertise earned recognition beyond Sun Valley. Several of his articles were published in Ski and Skiing magazines, further cementing his reputation. He also steered the ski school toward the model of resorts like Vail, hiring more instructors to accommodate Sun Valley’s growing clientele and implementing strict uniform practices to professionalize the school’s image.
While some members of Sun Valley’s ski school embraced the “New French Way” of skiing, the majority of its top instructors felt differently. The principles of avalement had their place—useful on occasion for advanced skiers—but offered little to beginners and novices. Even for experienced skiers, the bend‑stretch mechanics of the French technique were often difficult to grasp and apply. Coupled with the decline of French racers at the 1972 Winter Olympic Games, owner Bill Janss began seeking a new direction for the school in early 1974.
Initially considering an outsider to lead the program, Janss soon realized that some of the world’s greatest skiing talent already lay within Sun Valley. One such standout was Rainer Kolb, a protégé of Professor Stefan Kruckenhauser. Kolb became a stickler for teaching styles, sharply curtailing the bend‑stretch “avalement” techniques of the short‑lived Ramlaw era. While avalement remained in the curriculum, it was taught only sparingly, under the right conditions and in the right terrain.
For his supervisory team, Kolb enlisted Arnold Konrad and Sep Froehlich, with Bill Butterfield as the lone American delegate. He later added Don Reinhart, who, along with Bill Lash and Horst Abrahams, helped lay the foundations of the Professional Ski Instructors of America (PSIA)—an organization that continues to train the majority of America’s ski teachers today. Under Kolb’s leadership, Sun Valley’s ski school excelled in its PSIA accomplishments, even placing two of its members—Nancy Oaks and Greg Moss—on the National Demonstration Team, a feat never repeated under subsequent directors.
Both Lash and Reinhart, who had learned to ski on the slopes of Sun Valley, are credited as founding figures of PSIA. Established in 1961, PSIA quickly grew into an influential entity. In its early days, ski instruction in the United States was fragmented, with techniques imported by European instructors varying widely across regions. Many of these methods evolved on the slopes of Sun Valley, home to some of the finest instructors in the world. To bring consistency to American ski instruction, a group of seven committed instructors—Bill Lash, Don Reinhart, Jimmy Johnston, Paul Valar, Doug Pfeiffer, Max Dercum, and Curt Chase—incorporated PSIA in the fall of 1961, establishing unified teaching principles and certification standards that endure to this day.
Rainer Kolb’s 25 years as Sun Valley’s Ski School Director spanned a transformative era in alpine skiing—one in which the American racer reached the pinnacle of success. As in earlier decades, Sun Valley’s racers and its ski school played a pivotal role in this achievement.
Hosting World Cup events in 1975 and 1977, the slopes of Bald Mountain, echoing the glory of its Harriman Cup years, once again welcomed the world’s finest competitors. Among them were Italy’s Gustavo Thöni, Sweden’s Ingemar Stenmark, and America’s Steve Mahre, who dominated the contests.
At the 1976 Winter Games in Innsbruck, Austria, and the 1980 Games in Lake Placid, New York, American ski racers entered a period of unprecedented triumph. The roster of standouts included Phil and Steve Mahre of Yakima, Washington; Andy Mill of Aspen, Colorado; Cindy Nelson of Lutsen, Michigan; the brother‑sister duo Pete and Suzie Patterson of Sun Valley, Idaho; and Christine Cooper, Bill Janss’s step‑daughter, also of Sun Valley. Each earned admirable accomplishments that elevated America’s standing in the sport.
Yet it was the 1984 Winter Games in Sarajevo, Yugoslavia that marked the first true American dominance in alpine events. For the first time, U.S. racers commanded the international stage, a feat that would not be repeated until the 2010 Vancouver Games.
Being the home province of Sun Valley’s Otto Lang, Sarajevo holds the distinction of hosting the first Winter Games in a socialist country. At those Games, American racers claimed more alpine skiing medals than any other nation. In the men’s events, the twin brothers Phil and Steve Mahre, along with Bill Johnson of Mt. Hood, Oregon, captured two golds and one silver. On the women’s side, Debbie Armstrong of Salem, Oregon and Sun Valley’s Christine Cooper added to the American medal haul. Tamara McKinney of Squaw Valley, California narrowly missed completing an American sweep in the women’s giant slalom, edged into fourth place by France’s Perrine Pelen.
Meanwhile, the late 1970s saw ski resorts worldwide develop at an unprecedented pace. Sun Valley, however, found its infrastructure of lodges and lifts lagging behind newer destinations such as Vail, Colorado; Deer Valley, Utah; and Whistler, British Columbia. Without the necessary infusion of capital to compete on such a scale, Bill Janss contemplated selling the resort. After initial negotiations with the Walt Disney Corporation and Sinclair Oil, Sun Valley was ultimately acquired in 1977 by Earl Holding, who learned of its availability through the Wall Street Journal. The purchase price was $12 million.
With Holding’s hands‑on management style, vast improvements followed. Grand lodges, modernized chairlifts, and state‑of‑the‑art snowmaking systems propelled Sun Valley to the number one position in Ski Magazine’s reader poll of North American resorts. Today, Forbes estimates the resort’s value at $400 million.
As for the ski school, Holding took the opposite approach—allowing Rainer Kolb to manage its affairs with minimal intervention, ensuring continuity in Sun Valley’s instructional legacy.
As Ken Corrock and Terry Palmer—both U.S. Ski Team members and local coaches—joined the ranks of the Sun Valley Ski School, the resort’s racers continued to add to America’s Olympic legacy. In the 1994 and 1998 Winter Games, Picabo Street secured both silver and gold, cementing her place among the sport’s greats.
The 2002 Winter Games in Salt Lake City, Utah brought the Olympic spirit closer to Sun Valley than ever before. While Sun Valley itself hosted no official venues, its facilities were used extensively by international alpine and Nordic teams for training. Meanwhile, Sun Valley’s sister resort, Snowbasin, Utah—also owned by Earl Holding—hosted the downhill, super‑G, and combined events. At Holding’s and Rainer Kolb’s request, Swiss downhill champion Bernhard Russi designed Snowbasin’s downhill course, ensuring world‑class competition.
In those Games, the Austrians dominated, claiming 9 of the 30 alpine medals awarded. The lone American alpine skier to reach the podium was Bode Miller of Easton, New Hampshire, whose performance kept U.S. hopes alive in an otherwise Austrian‑controlled field.
Sun Valley’s Austrian heritage has stood the test of time, with its mountains serving as proving grounds for what worked—and what did not—in ski instruction. In the embattled contests of teaching philosophies, the lineage of Hannes Schneider, Professor Stefan Kruckenhauser, and their disciples ultimately prevailed. Though the extremes of their techniques have been tempered by advancements in equipment, slope grooming, and uphill transportation, the fundamental essentials of their theories remain central to most of the world’s ski schools.
This enduring framework established the organizational structure of the modern ski school, led by a director whose curriculum guides students from the snowplow through the stem turn to the most advanced mastery of parallel skiing.
Even in the freer disciplines of freestyle skiing, Sun Valley played a pioneering role. Yet, as history has shown, the world’s gaze most often followed the alpine ski racer. In this arena, Sun Valley’s contributions have been nothing short of spectacular, shaping the sport’s evolution and cementing its place in global skiing culture.
With the possible exceptions of Kitzbühel and St. Anton, Austria, no ski resort in the world has produced more Olympic alpine skiing medalists than Sun Valley, Idaho. From the first alpine medals awarded in 1936 to the present day, Sun Valley has been home to champions whose legacies transcend generations.
In the 1936 Garmisch‑Partenkirchen Games, Émile Allais captured bronze, marking the beginning of this lineage. Just over a decade later, at the 1948 St. Moritz Games, Sun Valley’s own Gretchen Fraser made history by winning America’s first alpine Olympic medals—gold in the women’s slalom and silver in the combined.
The 1952 Oslo Games further cemented Sun Valley’s reputation. Four champions with ties to the resort earned medals: America’s Andrea Mead Lawrence, who astonishingly won gold in both the women’s slalom and giant slalom, and European greats Stein Eriksen of Norway, Christian Pravda of Austria, and Toni Spiss of Austria, who together dominated the men’s events, claiming five of the nine medals awarded.
Sun Valley’s Olympic tradition continued in later decades. At the 1972 Sapporo Games, local racer Susan Corrock earned bronze, while at the 1984 Sarajevo Games, Christine Cooper took silver. The legacy reached new heights in the 1990s with Picabo Street, who won silver at the 1994 Lillehammer Games and gold at the 1998 Nagano Games, becoming one of America’s most celebrated alpine skiers.
It was on the slopes of Sun Valley that the division between Alpine Skiing—riding a lift up a slope to ski down—and Alpine Touring—walking or skiing uphill before descending—first became clear. Prior to 1936 and the invention of the chairlift, nearly all downhill skiing relied on Alpine Touring techniques. But with the construction of chairlifts on Proctor and Dollar Mountains in 1936, and later on Bald Mountain in 1939, Alpine Touring began a rapid decline, while Alpine Skiing quickly became the dominant way to experience downhill runs.
Sun Valley’s Ski School recognized this pivotal moment in skiing history. Rather than following trends, it led the way by adapting its curriculum to suit the American impatience for learning to ski in the shortest time possible. Until 1952, Sun Valley Company maintained separate schools for Alpine Skiing and Alpine Touring. Yet as technological advancements in uphill transportation reshaped the sport, Alpine Touring steadily lost ground. By the mid‑1950s, Sun Valley officials formally discontinued the Alpine Touring School, signaling the triumph of lift‑served Alpine Skiing and cementing Sun Valley’s role as a leader in shaping modern ski instruction.
While technical advancements in equipment and slope grooming have evolved dramatically over the decades, the biomechanical makeup of the human body has remained unchanged. As a result, the fundamental principles of balance—the way the body aligns and stabilizes itself while standing on a pair of skis—have altered very little.
As Sun Valley’s place in the history books may be seen by some as the product of circumstance—an era illuminated by the vision of its pioneering founders—what endures is something far greater. An everlasting mountain spirit, marked by resourcefulness and resilience, transcended those historic times. It forged a uniqueness found only in Sun Valley, where legacy and innovation continue to intertwine on its storied slopes.