in order to improve quality of life.
Generally, insulin pumps consist of a reservoir, a subcutaneous needle, flexible catheter tubing, and a microcontroller with a battery. Most pumps today are a little smaller than a pager. The controller, battery, and reservoir are housed together typically. Patients insert the needle into their abdominal wall. The catheter is smaller than but similar to most IV tubing , and connects the needle to the pump. Patients will often wear the pump on a belt clip or place it in a pocket. A basic interface lets the patient adjust the rate of insulin or select a pre-set. Reservoirs typically hold 200-300 units of insulin.
This pump works similar to an insulin pump targets the excess in calcium in the body. Calcitonin, a hormone that reduces blood calcium, and bisphosphonate, which reduces calcium reabsorption from bone, can be integrated into a pump that a user can attach to their body. The device will actively monitor blood calcium levels and pump the appropriate ratio of calcitonin (rapid but short lived) and bisphosphonate (slow but prolonged) to keep serum calcium levels within range. This device will increase quality of life for patients who cannot undergo primary parathyroid gland surgery.
From an economical and functional stance reasonable to have a bigger bisphosphonate chamber than calcitonin as calcitonin is considerably more expensive than bisphosphonate and will only be used in emergency.
These sensors are refined for their purpose in sensing calcium ion concentration in the blood and originate from the general Ion Selective Electrode (ISE). Amazingly, the ISE mimics membrane potentials in the cells of the human body in that it uses a selectively permeable membrane to decide which ion's Nernst Potential (and therefore concentration) the electrode will measure. The membrane is responsible for creating the electrochemical gradient of calcium ions while the silver chloride reference electrode measures the potential difference in the blood in a similar manner to a Galvanic Cell.
Sensor will work in a similarly to a bovine serum calcium concentration meter.
The device detects the serum calcium concentration and compares it against the threshold. The sensor will be implemented onto the infusion site. It will detect a trend of increasing calcium concentration by using a microcontroller that compares concentration levels to standards programmed in for the patient by the device manufacturer as recommended by the patient’s physician. If the increase crosses the programmed threshold level, a small pump will release zoledronic acid in moderation. This will slowly reduce the calcium accumulation. In case there is a sudden rise in calcium concentration in an unexpected situation, then calcitonin will be released for its immediate effect.
One of the main design challenges is the proper monitoring of calcium ion concentration in the blood. Our body homeostatically regulates ion concentrations and activates negative feedback loops as needed. Thus, the calcium sensor in the device must be very accurate to prevent a late or excessive release of bisphosphonates and calcitonin. A late response will cause mental and physical weakness in the patient and an excessive release may drastically reduce calcium concentration which may be fatal.