NEW YORK, 29 October 2007 (UN Department of Public Information) - In its consideration of the effects of radiation on humankind and the environment, the Fourth Committee (Special Political and Decolonization) today unanimously approved a draft resolution in support of the Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, which, since 1955, had contributed to an improved understanding of the effects and risks of ionizing radiation -- a type of radiation given off by radioactive substances.

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Sir, 

I have all along been under the impression that humankind could be changed through knowledge into upright societal beings. As is a plastic moulded into a plastic basin, I thought people too, could be moulded from unacceptable behaviours into good ones. However, recent incidents tested my philosophy. Many lives have been lost as a result of partners beating their loved ones to death.

The Cradle of Humankind is an area in South Africa where many fossils, tools, and other traces of early humans have been found. These traces provide valuable information about human evolution. The region is called the Cradle of Humankind because some of the earliest ancestors of modern humans were born there. The oldest evidence dates back three million years or more.

Since the 1930s thousands of fossils, including hundreds of hominin fossils, have been uncovered in the Cradle of Humankind. (The term hominin describes both modern humans and all their ancestors, from the time they began evolving separately from apes.) Many prehistoric tools also have been found. Another famous find in the area is evidence of the first human-made fire (from about 1.3 million years ago) at Swartkrans.

Sterkfontein is one of the richest sources of information about human evolution. Fossils were first discovered there when the area was being mined for lime deposits. In 1936 a paleontologist from Pretoria, Robert Broom, began collecting fossils found by miners. Eventually, remains of early humanlike creatures, now called Australopithecus africanus, were uncovered. Australopithecus africanus is one of several extinct hominins.

The most famous fossils discovered in the Cradle of Humankind are known as Mrs. Ples and Little Foot. Both were in caves at Sterkfontein. Broom uncovered Mrs. Ples in 1947. This fossil is an Australopithecus africanus skull that is thought to be between 2.5 and 2.8 million years old. Scientists first thought that it was the skull of a young female, but many now think that the skull belonged to a male. Another team discovered the skeleton known as Little Foot in the 1990s. The skeleton is that of an early male hominin. Scientists think that it is older than Australopithecus africanus.

In 2008 scientists found the fossilized jawbone and collarbone of a young male hominin outside Malapa Cave in the Cradle of Humankind. It was determined that the remains belonged to a separate hominin species, called Australopithecus sediba. Scientists think that this species evolved after more primitive Australopithecus species. It is thus seen as a link to more advanced hominins. Other fossils of the same species were found later. They were nearly two million years old.

In 2015 another group of scientists announced the discovery of more than 1,500 human fossils in the Rising Star cave system in the Cradle of Humankind. It was determined that these bones came from a species that scientists named Homo naledi. The species was unknown before the discovery. At first, scientists thought the Homo naledi lived more than two million years ago. However, dating showed this species existed as recently as 236,000 years ago. This means Homo naledi lived at the same time as early Homo sapiens, the species of modern humans.

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Scientists have found the largest concentration of hominid remains in the limestone caves of the Cradle of Humankind. Back in 1935, Robert Broom found fossils that resembled both apes and humans. With John T. Robinson in 1947, Broom uncovered one of the most perfect pre-human skulls ever found. The Australopithecus africanus skull, named Mrs. Ples (Mrs. Ples was probably a Mr.), was just the first of many significant encounters in the 180-square-mile site.

After many years of additional finds, in 1997, a nearly complete Australopithecus fossil was discovered at the site. Dubbed Little Foot, it took nearly 20 years to separate the fossil from concrete-like stone. Both Mrs. Ples and Little Foot are over 2.5 million years old (some dating suggests they are over 3 million years old).

These finds came from the Sterkfontein Cave, a cave that back in 2010 accounted for over a third of the early hominid fossils that scientists had uncovered. Sadly, Sterkfontein flooded last fall so we could not enter the cave itself.

Around 2013, scientists began investigating the nearby Rising Star cave system, which has proven to be as fruitful as Sterkfontein. A team of six female cave specialists, small enough to access these caves, recovered over 1,500 hominin specimens. Two years later, lead researcher Lee Berger, announced the discovery of a new hominid species, Homo naledi. Research is still underway to identify new fossils, date the existing ones, catalog specimens, and determine what all these finds in the Cradle of Humankind mean for the story of how Homo sapiens first emerged in Africa.

The Cradle also boasts the discovery of some of the oldest stone tools (2.6 million years ago), early use of fire (1 million years ago), and rock art which, according to archeologist David Lewis-Wiliams, is more numerous, more varied, and older than the better known art in Europe (think Lascaux).

It was inspiring to be reminded of what I shared in common with our Zulu guide taking us to the Cradle of Humankind; all of the figures white, black, and brown whose stories were told in the Apartheid Museum; our Zulu tuk-tuk guide and the many residents of Soweto; and our Xhosa guides on Robben Island, one of whom had been imprisoned alongside Nelson Mandela.

Whether in European suburbs or Middle Eastern capitals, religious identity can often seem to be a source or fuel of conflict. And as many Western societies struggle to adapt to an emerging multicultural and multireligious reality, issues of tolerance and "living together" become ever more acute.

Responding to these concerns, people from virtually all the world's faith traditions came together in Geneva this week and appealed to their own believers and the broader world to nurture actively the sources of tolerance and compassion common to all religions.

"We affirm that humankind, made up of many peoples, nations, races, colours, cultures and religious traditions, is one human family. Therefore we reject all attempts to drive wedges between religious traditions by presenting them as mutually exclusive. We commit ourselves to lift up the teachings and practices in our religious traditions that nourish life and promote community," affirmed a statement of "common commitments" sent to religious communities in Geneva and the region.

The text was made public during a series of events focusing on religious tolerance and dialogue on the theme "My neighbour's faith and mine: religious identity - for better or for worse?" in Geneva 12-14 November 2005, under the auspices of the World Council of Churches and the Geneva-based Interreligious Platform.

Through encounter, debate, prayer and sacred dance, participants from diverse religious horizons and origins shared their traditions, explored the role of faith in their lives and how it influenced societies and attitudes to "the other".

The programme, including an inter-faith celebration at Geneva's historic St Pierre's Cathedral, involved local leaders, scholars and other participants from the Baha'i, Buddhist, Christian, Hindu, Jewish and Muslim faiths. Highlights of the three-day event included an international colloquium under the heading "An end to tolerance?", and a youth forum which allowed over 100 young people from 19 countries to dialogue on experiences of belief, identity and plurality.

Profound changes in society are strongly impacting the nature of religious identity, according to Rev. Jean-Claude Basset, a Swiss Protestant pastor and specialist on interreligious dialogue. In his context, faith could no longer be considered as an inherited or imposed set of values, but was increasingly understood as a question of individual conscience and personal experience. Dialogue therefore requires new approaches.

For other speakers during the event, the fragmentation of traditional identities, strengthened by globalization, is one of the root causes of fundamentalism and an obstacle to dialogue, strengthening religious "fortresses" and the risk of confrontation which, in some contexts, already exists.

The problem of violence is not a problem of religion, but rather a problem of our attitudes to religion, the Algerian-born Muslim academic Larbi Kechat argued. "We need to rediscover the connection between our vertical and horizontal identities, the Divine and the human, which can be the basis for rediscovering our mutuality and complementarity. The crisis facing humankind is the loss of certitudes," which can lead to new forms of religious fundamentalism, he said. 152ee80cbc

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