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Plus, new research has helped solve a long-standing mystery about the 150-million-year rule of dinosaurs, so unlike what we see in animals today, there are larger species than small ones.
"Dinosaur communities make up a significant proportion of individuals within a species and will have a very real impact on the resources available in the community," said lead study author Kat Schroeder.
Some scientists have suggested that because even the largest dinosaurs started life young, they could use different resources as they grew, occupying areas in ecosystems where smaller species could proliferate.
To test the theory, Schroeder and colleagues analyzed data from fossil sites around the world, including more than 550 dinosaur species, and arranged dinosaurs by size and whether they were herbivores or herbivores.
They discovered a marked vulnerability in the presence of medium-sized carnivores, with megatheropods or giant predators such as T. rex in each community.
"There are very few carnivorous dinosaurs between 100 and 1,000 kg in communities with megaropods. The young of these super animals fit into this area," Schroeder said.
The conclusion is supported by the fact that dinosaur diversity has changed over time. Jurassic biomes (200-145 million years ago) had smaller gaps and Cretaceous (145-65 million years ago) biomes with large gaps.
"The Cretaceous period was entirely dominated by tyrannosaurs and abelisaurs, which changed a lot as we got older," explains Schroeder.
To test the math of their theory, the team went on to multiply the mass of megateropod juveniles of certain ages by the number expected to survive each year based on the fossil record.
This statistical method effectively eliminates the observed gaps of medium-sized carnivores, effectively treating the young as their own children.
The scientists stress that the study shows the value of applying ecological problems to dinosaurs.
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