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Handball (also known as team handball, European handball or Olympic handball)[3] is a team sport in which two teams of seven players each (six outcourt players and a goalkeeper) pass a ball using their hands with the aim of throwing it into the goal of the opposing team. A standard match consists of two periods of 30 minutes, and the team that scores more goals wins.

Modern handball is played on a court of 40 by 20 metres (131 by 66 ft), with a goal in the middle of each end. The goals are surrounded by a 6-metre (20 ft) zone where only the defending goalkeeper is allowed; goals must be scored by throwing the ball from outside the zone or while "diving" into it. The sport is usually played indoors, but outdoor variants exist in the forms of field handball, Czech handball (which were more common in the past) and beach handball. The game is fast and high-scoring: professional teams now typically score between 20 and 35 goals each, though lower scores were not uncommon until a few decades ago. Body contact is permitted for the defenders trying to stop the attackers from approaching the goal. No protective equipment is mandated, but players may wear soft protective bands, pads and mouth guards.[4]

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The modern set of rules was published in 1917 by Karl Schelenz, Max Heiser, and Erich Konigh,[5] on 29 October in Berlin, which day is seen as the date of birth of the sport.[1][6] The rules have had several revisions since. The first official handball match was played in 1917 in Germany.[1] Karl Schelenz modified the rules in 1919.[5] The first international games were played (under these rules) with men in 1925 (between Germany and Belgium) and with women in 1930 (between Germany and Austria).[7]

Men's handball was first played at the Olympics in the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin outdoors, and the next time at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich indoors; handball has been an Olympic sport since then. Women's handball was added at the 1976 Summer Olympics.[8]

Games similar to handball were played in Ancient Greece and are represented on amphorae and stone carvings. Although detailed textual reference is rare, there are numerous descriptions of ball games being played where players throw the ball to one another; sometimes this is done in order to avoid interception by a player on the opposing team. Such games were played widely and served as both a form of exercise and a social event.[10]

There is evidence of ancient Roman women playing a version of handball called expulsim ludere.[11] There are records of handball-like games in medieval France, and among the Inuit in Greenland, in the Middle Ages. By the 19th century, there existed similar games of hndbold from Denmark, hzen in the Czech Republic, handbol in Ukraine, and torball in Germany.[12]

The team handball game of today was codified at the end of the 19th century in northern Europe: primarily in Denmark, Germany, Norway, and Sweden. The first written set of team handball rules was published in 1906 by the Danish gym teacher, lieutenant and Olympic medalist Holger Nielsen from Ordrup grammar school, north of Copenhagen. The modern set of rules was published by Max Heiser, Karl Schelenz, and Erich Konigh in 1917[5] on 29 October in Berlin, Germany; this day is therefore seen as the "date of birth" of the sport.[1][6] The first official handball match was played on 2 December 1917 in Berlin.[1] In 1919 the rules were modified by Karl Schelenz.[5] The first international games were played under these rules, between Germany and Austria by men in 1925 and between Germany and Austria by women in 1930.[7]

In 1926, the Congress of World Athletics (then known as the International Amateur Athletic Federation) nominated a committee to draw up international rules for field handball. The International Amateur Handball Federation was formed in 1928 and later the International Handball Federation was formed in 1946.

Men's field handball was played at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. During the next several decades, indoor handball flourished and evolved in the Scandinavian countries. The sport re-emerged onto the world stage as men's team handball for the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich. Women's team handball was added at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal.[8][13] Due to its popularity in the region, the Eastern European countries that refined the event became the dominant force in the sport when it was reintroduced.

If a decision must be reached in a particular match (e.g., in a tournament) and it ends in a draw after regular time, there are at maximum two overtimes, each consisting of two straight 5-minute periods with a one-minute break in between. Should these not decide the game either, the winning team is determined in a penalty shootout (best-of-five rounds; if still tied, extra rounds are added until one team wins).

A handball match is adjudicated by two equal referees. Some national bodies allow games with only a single referee in special cases like illness on short notice. Should the referees disagree on any occasion, a decision is made on mutual agreement during a short timeout; or, in case of punishments, the more severe of the two comes into effect. The referees are obliged to make their decisions "on the basis of their observations of facts".[16] Their judgements are final and can be appealed against only if not in compliance with the rules.

The current worldwide attendance record for seven-a-side handball was set on 6 September 2014, during a neutral venue German league game between HSV Hamburg and the Mannheim-based Rhein-Neckar Lions.[27] The matchup drew 44,189 spectators to Commerzbank Arena in Frankfurt, exceeding the previous record of 36,651 set at Copenhagen's Parken Stadium during the 2011 Danish Cup final.[27]

The purpose of the present study was to determine the acute fatigue development in muscle mechanical properties and neuromuscular activity in response to handball match play. Male elite handball players (n = 10) were tested before and after a simulated handball match for maximal isometric strength [maximal voluntary contraction (MVC)] and rate of force development (RFD) with synchronous electromyography (EMG) recording, while maximal vertical jump parameters were assessed using force plate analysis. Quadriceps and hamstrings MVC and RFD decreased significantly post-match (approximately 10%, P < 0.05 and approximately 16-21%, P < 0.05, respectively). During quadriceps, MVC mean EMG amplitude [mean average voltage (MAV)] decreased for the vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF) (21-42%, P < or = 0.05), while MAV also decreased in the antagonist biceps femoris (BF) muscle (48-55%, P < 0.01). During hamstring MVC, MAV was reduced in BF (31%, P < 0.01). Maximum EMG amplitude during quadriceps MVC was reduced for the VL (28%, P < 0.01) and the RF (5%, P < 0.05). During hamstring MVC, maximum EMG was reduced for BF (21%, P < 0.01). Post-match maximal jump height was reduced (5.2%, P < 0.01), as was also work (6.8%, P < 0.01), velocity of center of mass (2.4-4.0%, P < 0.01) and RFD (approximately 30%, P < 0.05). In conclusion, maximal (MVC) and rapid muscle force characteristics (RFD, impulse) were acutely affected concurrently with marked reductions in muscle EMG following handball match play, which may potentially lead to impaired functional performance.

The purposes of this study were to examine the activity profile of elite adolescent players during regular team handball games and to compare the physical and motor performance of players between the first and second halves of a match. Activity patterns (video analysis) and heart-rate (HR) responses (telemetry) were monitored in top national-division adolescent players (18 men, aged 15.1 0.6 years) throughout 6 regulation games (25-minute halves with a 10-minute interval). The total distance covered averaged 1,777 264 m per game (7.4% less in the second than in the first half, p > 0.05). Players ran 170 24 m at high intensity and 86 12 m at maximal speed, with 32 6 bouts of running (duration 2.3 0.3 seconds) at speeds > 18 kmh(-1); they stood still for 16% of the playing time. The mean HR during play was 172 2 bmin(-1) (82 3% of maximal HR). Blood lactate concentrations at the end of the first and second halves were 9.7 1.1 and 8.3 0.9 mmolL(-1), respectively (difference p < 0.05). We conclude that adolescent handball players cover less distance and engage in fewer technical actions in the second half of a match. This indicates that team handball is physiologically very demanding. The practical implication is that coaches should seek to sustain performance in the second period of a game by modifying playing tactics and maximizing both aerobic and anaerobic fitness during training sessions.

The present study evaluated the physical demands imposed on female elite team handball players in relation to playing position. Female elite team handball field players were examined during match-play over a 5-year period using video based computerized locomotion analysis of tournament matches. In addition, physiological measurements during match-play and in separate physical tests were carried out. A total distance of 4002551 m (group meansSD) was covered per match with a total effective playing time of 50:425:50 min:s, while full-time players covered 4693333 m. On average, each player (n=83) performed 663.899.7 activity changes per match, and the mean speed was 5.310.33 km h(-1). High-intensity running constituted 0.80.5% of total effective playing time per match corresponding to 2.51.8% of the total distance covered. The amount of high-intensity running was reduced (p

To assess concurrently the external and internal match loads in elite female team handball players and to verify the differences in match loads between matches characterized by different durations. Eight elite female court handball players (meanSD; age 23.02.1 years; stature 173.54.9 cm; body mass 67.86.8 kg) belonging to the same elite female handball team were investigated. Individualized internal and external match loads were monitored during seven 1st Division Lithuanian Women's Handball League [Lietuvos Moteru Rankinio Lyga (LMRL)] matches and seven Women's Baltic Handball League (WBHL) matches during the 2017/18 season. The LMRL and WBHL matches were characterized by different durations (two 30-min halves and two 20-min halves for LMRL and WBHL, respectively). The investigated external load measures were total player load (PL) and PL per minute (PL.min-1), while internal load measures were match load calculated from session rating of perceived exertion (S-RPE) and percentage of maximum heart rate (%HRmax). The main outcomes revealed a PL. min-1 of ~9 AU and ~84% of HRmax per match. Moreover, significantly higher total PL (p 2351a5e196