Frontier of Extreme Physics Group in KRISS/UST

We are studying phase formation and transition under extreme conditions by using electrostatic levitation, dynamic diamond anvil cell, and time-resolved scattering techniques. We measure thermophysical properties and atomic/molecular structure of liquids and crystals in stable and metastable conditions under extreme conditions (high temperature, pressure, and concentration). Research topics are crystal nucleation and growth, phase transformation in liquids and crystals, liquid structure, glass formation on various materials (metals and alloys, semiconductor, aqueous solutions, colloids. . . ).

Research interest

• • Study of metastable liquids (Supercooled, Supersaturated, Supercompressed liquids).

  • Phase transition and formation (nucleation and growth, liquid-liquid transition, bulk metallic glasses, quasicrystals, high entropy alloys) under extreme conditions (high temperature, high pressure, high concentration).

  • Real-time measurements of thermophysical properties, and atomic and molecular structure.

  • Rate dependence of (de)compression on phase transition (nucleation and growth) 

  • Understanding of structures and phase formation in disordered materials (liquids, glasses, solutions)

  • Development of levitation techniques for high temperature study and dynamic diamond anvil cell techniques for high pressure study

  • Fast dynamics of thermal transport and diffusion in atomic scale with scattering techniques (Time-resolved X-ray, Raman, Laser scattering)

17. Precise density measurements of refractory metals over 3000 K: Revisiting UV imaging technique at ultrahigh temperatures, L Wang, YC Cho, NTH Le, YH Lee, GW Lee, APL Materials 12 (4) (2024).

16. Impact of molecular symmetry on multiple pathways in highly supersaturated KH2PO4 solutions, Yong Chan Cho, Soohyeong Lee, Lei Wang, Yun-Hee Lee, Seongheun Kim, Hyun Hwi Lee, Jonghyun Lee, Geun Woo Lee, Nature Communications 15:3117 ( 2024) (Selected in Editor's highlight.

15.Hydration breaking and chemical ordering in a levitated NaCl solution driplet beyond metastable zone width limit: Evidence for early stage of the two-step nucleation, Hyerim Hwang, Yong Chan Cho, Sooheyong Lee, Yun-Hee Lee, Seongheun Kim, Yongjae Kim, Wonhyuk Jo, Patrick Duchstein, Dirk Zahn, Geun Woo Lee, Chemical Science 12, 179-187 (2021)

14.Real‐Time Monitoring of Colloidal Crystallization in Electrostatically‐Levitated Drops, H Hwang, YC Cho, S Lee, TM Choi, SH Kim, GW Lee, Small 16 (11), 1907478 (2020)

13.Shock growth of ice crystal near equilibrium melting pressure under dynamic compression, YJ Kim, YH Lee, S Lee, H Nada, GW Lee, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116 (18), 8679-8684 (2019)

12.Origin of glass forming ability of Cu-Zr alloys: A link between compositional variation and stability of liquid and glass, S Ganorkar, S Lee, YH Lee, T Ishikawa, GW Lee*, Physical Review Materials 2 (11), 115606 (2018)

11.Interfacial free energy and medium range order: Proof of an inverse of Frank's hypothesis, GW Lee*, YC Cho, B Lee, KF Kelton, Physical Review B 95 (5), 054202 (2017) 

10.Multiple pathways of crystal nucleation in an extremely supersaturated aqueous potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) solution droplet, S Lee, HS Wi, W Jo, YC Cho, HH Lee, SY Jeong, YI Kim, GW Lee*, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) 113 (48), 13618-13623 (2016)

9.A liquid-liquid transition can exist in monatomic transition metals with a positive melting slope, B Lee, GW Lee*, Scientific Reports 6; 35564 (2016)

8.Interfacial Free Energy Controlling Glass-Forming Ability in Cu-Zr Alloys, Dong-Hee Kang, Hao Zhang, Hanbyeol Yoo, Hyun Hwi Lee, Geun Woo Lee*, Hongbo Lou, Xiaodong Wang, Qingping Cao, Dongxian Zhang and Jianzhong Jiang*, Scientific Reports 4, Article number: 5167 (2014) (06. 04. 2014) 

7.Local structure of equilibrium and supercooled Ti-Zr-Ni liquids, GW Lee, AK Gangopadhyay, RW Hyers, TJ Rathz, JR Rogers, KF Kelton, Physical Review B 77 (18), 184102 (2008)

6.Dynamic pressure-induced dendritic and shock crystal growth of ice VI, G. W. Lee, W. J. Evans, and C. S. Yoo, Proceedings of the National Academy Sciences (PNAS), 104, 9178 (2007). 

5.Crystallization of water in a dynamic diamond-anvil cell: Evidence for ice VII-like local order in supercompressed water, GW Lee, WJ Evans, CS Yoo, Physical Review B 74 (13), 134112,(2006)

4.Link between liquid structure and the nucleation barrier for icosahedral quasicrystal, polytetrahedral, and simple crystalline phases in Ti− Zr− Ni alloys: Verification of Frank’s hypothesis, GW Lee, AK Gangopadhyay, TK Croat, TJ Rathz, RW Hyers, JR Rogers, KF Kelton, Physical Review B 72 (17), 174107 (2005)

3.In-situ high-energy x-ray diffraction study of the local structure of supercooled liquid Si, T. H. Kim, G. W. Lee, B. Sieve, A. K. Gangopadhyay, R. W. Hyers, T. J. Rathz, J. R. Rogers, D. S. Robinson, K. F. Kelton and A. I. Goldman. Physical Review Letters 95, 085501 (2005).

2.Difference in Icosahedral Short-Range Order in Early and Late Transition Metals Liquids, G.W. Lee, A.K. Gangopadhyay, K.F. Kelton, R.W. Hyers, T. J. Rathz and J. R. Rogers, D. S. Robinson, Physical Review Letters 93, 037802 (2004).

1.First X-Ray Scattering Studies on Electrostatically Levitated Metallic Liquids :Demonstrated Influence of Local Icosahedral Order on the Nucleation Barrier, K. F. Kelton, G. W. Lee, A. K. Gangopadhyay, R.W. Hyers, T. J. Rathz, J. R. Rogers, M. B. Robinson, and D. S. Robinson, Physical Review Letters, V 90, 195504 (2003).

66. Precise density measurements of refractory metals over 3000 K: Revisiting UV imaging technique at ultrahigh temperatures, Lei Wang, Yong Chan Cho, Nhat Thi Huu Le, Yun-Hee Lee, Geun Woo Lee* , APL Materials 12 (4) (2024).

65. Impact of molecular symmetry on multiple pathways in highly supersaturated KH2PO4 solutions, Yong Chan Cho, Soohyeong Lee, Lei Wang, Yun-Hee Lee, Seongheun Kim, Hyun Hwi Lee, Jonghyun Lee, Geun Woo Lee, Nature Communications 15:3117 ( 2024)

64. Density measurement and uncertainty evaluation of elemental and alloy liquids using electrostatic levitation, L Wang, YC Cho, YH Lee, JJ Lee, GW Lee, Journal of Molecular Liquids 396, 123979 (2024)

63. Simultaneous measurements of volume, pressure, optical images, and crystal structure with a dynamic diamond anvil cell: A real-time event monitoring system, M Kim, YJ Kim, YC Cho, S Lee, S Kim, HP Liermann, YH Lee, GW Lee, Review of Scientific Instruments 94 (11), 113904 (2023)

62. Precise density measurement and its uncertainty evalution for refractory liquid metals over 3000 K using electrostatic levitation, S Jeon, S Ganorkar, YC Cho, J Lee, M Kim, J Lee, GW Lee,  Metrologia 59, 045008, 2022  

61. Nonclassical Nucleation-Role of Metastable Intermediate Phase in Crystal Nucleation: An Editorial Prefix, F Zhang, JA Gavira, GW Lee, D Zahn, Crystals 11 (2), 174, 2021. 

60. Hydration breaking and chemical ordering in a levitated NaCl solution driplet beyond metastable zone width limit: Evidence for early stage of the two-step nucleation, Hyerim Hwang, Yong Chan Cho, Sooheyong Lee, Yun-Hee Lee, Seongheun Kim, Yongjae Kim, Wonhyuk Jo, Patrick Duchstein, Dirk Zahn, Geun Woo Lee, Chemical Science 12, 179-187, 2021

59. Influence of Ag Addition on Thermal Stability and Thermophysical Properties of Ti-Zr-Ni Quasicrystals, S Jeon, YC Cho, YI Kim, YH Lee, S Lee, GW Lee, Metals 10 (6), 760, 2020

58. Unequal effect of thermodynamics and kinetics on glass forming ability of Cu–Zr alloys, S Ganorkar, YH Lee, S Lee, Y Chan Cho, T Ishikawa, GW Lee, AIP Advances 10 (4), 045114, 2020

57. Real‐Time Monitoring of Colloidal Crystallization in Electrostatically‐Levitated Drops, H Hwang, YC Cho, S Lee, TM Choi, SH Kim, GW Lee, Small 16 (11), 1907478, 2020

56. Curie-Weiss behavior of liquid structure and ideal glass state, CW Ryu, W Dmowski, KF Kelton, GW Lee, ES Park, JR Morris, T Egami, Scientific Reports 9, 18579, 4, 2019

55. Shock growth of ice crystal near equilibrium melting pressure under dynamic compression, YJ Kim, YH Lee, S Lee, H Nada, GW Lee, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116 (18), 8679-8684, 4, 2019

54. Origin of glass forming ability of Cu-Zr alloys: A link between compositional variation and stability of liquid and glass, S Ganorkar, S Lee, YH Lee, T Ishikawa, GW Lee, Physical Review Materials 2 (11), 115606, 2018

53. Utilization of high entropy alloy characteristics in Er-Gd-Y-Al-Co high entropy bulk metallic glass, J Kim, HS Oh, J Kim, CW Ryu, GW Lee, HJ Chang, ES Park, Acta Materialia 155, 350-361, 2018

52. Formation of metastable crystals from supercooled, supersaturated, and supercompressed liquids: Role of crystal-liquid interfacial free energy, GW Lee, Crystals 7 (11), 326, 2017

51. Accurate quantification of glass-forming ability by measuring effective volume relaxation of supercooled melt, CW Ryu, DH Kang, S Jeon, GW Lee, ES Park, APL Materials 5 (10), 106103, 2017

50. Solution electrostatic levitator for measuring surface properties and bulk structures of an extremely supersaturated solution drop above metastable zone width limit, S Lee, W Jo, YC Cho, HH Lee, GW Lee, Review of Scientific Instruments 88 (5), 055101, 2017

49. Interfacial free energy and medium range order: Proof of an inverse of Frank's hypothesis, GW Lee, YC Cho, B Lee, KF Kelton, Physical Review B 95 (5), 054202, 2017

48. Multiple pathways of crystal nucleation in an extremely supersaturated aqueous potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) solution droplet, S Lee, HS Wi, W Jo, YC Cho, HH Lee, SY Jeong, YI Kim, GW Lee, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113 (48), 13618-13623, 2016

47. Effect of atomic size on undercoolability of binary solid solution alloy liquids with Zr, Ti, and Hf using electrostatic levitation, S Jeon, DH Kang, YH Lee, S Lee, GW Lee, The Journal of chemical physics 145 (17), 174504, 2016

46. A liquid-liquid transition can exist in monatomic transition metals with a positive melting slope, B Lee, GW Lee, Scientific reports 6 (1), 1-9, 2016

45. Thermophysical Property Measurement: A Call to Action, DM Matson, M Watanabe, G Pottlacher, GW Lee, HJ Fecht, International Journal of Microgravity Science and Application 33 (3), 330304, 2016

44. Non-Contact Measurement of Thermophysical Properties of Fe, Fe–C, and Fe–C–Mn Alloys in Solid, Supercooled, and Stable Liquid Phases, S Jeon, DH Kang, SH Kang, SE Kang, JT Okada, T Ishikawa, S Lee, G. W. Lee, ISIJ International 56 (4), 719-722, 2016

43. Control of magneto-transport characteristics of Co-doped ZnO by electron beam irradiation, S Lee, JH Park, WK Kim, H Dal Park, BC Lee, C Moriyoshi, Y Kuroiwa, ..., RSC advances 6 (47), 41067-41073, 2016

42. Uncertainty evaluation for density measurements of molten Ni, Zr, Nb and Hf by using a containerless method, H Yoo, C Park, S Jeon, S Lee, GW Lee, Metrologia 52 (5), 677, 2015

41. An environment benign biomimetic synthesis of mesoporous NiO concentric stacked doughnuts architecture, R Yuvakkumar, S Lee, GW Lee, SI Hong, Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 207, 185, 2015

40. Evolution of atomic structure in Al75Cu25 liquid from experimental and ab initio molecular dynamics simulation studies, LH Xiong, H Yoo, HB Lou, XD Wang, QP Cao, DX Zhang, JZ Jiang, ..., Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 27 (3), 035102, 2014

39. Resolving high-speed colloidal dynamics beyond detector response time via two pulse speckle contrast correlation, S Lee, W Jo, HS Wi, C Gutt, GW Lee, Optics express 22 (18), 21567-21576, 2014

38. Abnormal drop in electrical resistivity with impurity doping of single-crystal Ag JY Kim, MW Oh, S Lee, YC Cho, JH Yoon, GW Lee, CR Cho, CH Park, ..., Scientific reports 4 (1), 1-5, 2014

37. Interfacial free energy controlling glass-forming ability of Cu-Zr alloys, DH Kang, H Zhang, H Yoo, HH Lee, S Lee, GW Lee, H Lou, X Wang, ... Scientific reports 4, 5167, 2014

36. Nanosized nucleus-supercooled liquid interfacial free energy and thermophysical properties of early and late transition liquid metals DH Kang, S Jeon, H Yoo, T Ishikawa, JT Okada, PF Paradis, GW Lee, Crystal growth & design 14 (3), 1103-1109, 2014

35. Materials properties measurements and particle beam interactions studies using electrostatic levitation, PF Paradis, T Ishikawa, GW Lee, D Holland-Moritz, J Brillo, WK Rhim, ..., Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports 76, 1-53,2014

34. Successful melting and density measurements of Cu and Ag single crystals with an electrostatic levitation (ESL) system, YC Cho, BS Kim, H Yoo, JY Kim, S Lee, YH Lee, GW Lee, SY Jeong, CrystEngComm 16 (32), 7575-7579, 2014

33. Difference of optical properties between porous alumina and sapphire using two-substrate method at elevated temperature, S Jeon, DH Kang, GW Lee, Current Applied Physics 13 (8), 1594-1599, 2013

32. Radiation-thermometric study of isolated hot molten metal spheres by containerless and contactless measurement techniques, GW Lee, S Jeon, C Park, DH Kang, BI Choi, SN Park, AIP Conference Proceedings 1552 (1), 762-766, 2013

31. Crystal–liquid interfacial free energy and thermophysical properties of pure liquid Ti using electrostatic levitation: Hypercooling limit, specific heat, total hemispherical …, GW Lee, S Jeon, C Park, DH Kang, The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 63, 1-6, 2013

30. Contactless density and volumetric thermal expansion coefficient measurement of undercooled liquid (Ba, Sr) TiO3 using aerodynamic levitator, KJ Lee, MV Kumar, SK Jung, JH Jeong, CH Lee, MW Cho, GW Lee, ..., J. Ceram. Process. Res 14, 311-314, 2013

29. Crystal–liquid interfacial free energy of supercooled liquid Fe using a containerless technique, GW Lee, S Jeon, DH Kang, Crystal growth & design 13 (4), 1786-1792, 2013

28. Effect of microalloying on the formation and stability of the Ti–Zr–Ni icosahedral quasicrystal, GW Lee, AK Gangopadhyay, KF Kelton, Journal of alloys and compounds 537, 171-174, 2012

27. Thermophysical properties of BaTiO3 ceramics prepared by aerodynamic levitation, KJ Lee, CH Lee, GW Lee, WS Hwang, CH Lee, S Yoda, WS Cho, Thermochimica acta 542, 37-41, 2012

26. Temperature and thickness dependence of IR optical properties of sapphire at moderate temperature GW Lee, S Jeon, SN Park, YS Yoo, CW Park, International Journal of Thermophysics 32 (7-8), 1448-1456, 2011

25. Phase diagram studies of Ti–Zr–Ni alloys containing less than 40 at.% Ni and estimated critical cooling rate for icosahedral quasicrystal formation from the liquid, GW Lee, AK Gangopadhyay, KF Kelton, Acta materialia 59 (12), 4964-4973, 2011

24. Normal and directional spectral emittance measurement of semi-transparent materials using two-substrate method: alumina GW Lee, S Jeon, NJ Yoo, CW Park, SN Park, SY Kwon, SH Lee, International journal of thermophysics 32 (6), 1234-1246, 2011

23. Thermal Image Degradation Through a Heated Sapphire Window, SN Park, YS Yoo, GW Lee, CW Park, International Journal of Thermophysics 32 (1-2), 258-268, 2011

22. Simultaneous measurement of emittance, transmittance, and reflectance of semitransparent materials at elevated temperature, S Jeon, SN Park, YS Yoo, J Hwang, CW Park, GW Lee, Optics letters 35 (23), 4015-4017, 2010

21. Local structure of liquid Ti: Ab initio molecular dynamics study, B Lee, GW Lee, The Journal of chemical physics 129 (2), 024711, 2008

20. Local structure of equilibrium and supercooled Ti-Zr-Ni liquids, GW Lee, AK Gangopadhyay, RW Hyers, TJ Rathz, JR Rogers, ..., Physical Review B 77 (18), 184102, 2008

19. Construction and measurement of normal spectral emissivity device using Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, SH Jeon, NJ Yoo, JH Jo, CW Park, SN Park, GW Lee, Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics 19 (6), 400-407, 2008

18. Comparative study of Ti and Ni clusters from first principles, B Lee, GW Lee, The Journal of chemical physics 127 (16), 164316, 2007

17. Structural studies of a Ti–Zr–Ni quasicrystal-forming liquid, TH Kim, GW Lee, AK Gangopadhyay, RW Hyers, JR Rogers, AI Goldman, ..., Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 19 (45), 455212, 2007

16. Dynamic diamond anvil cell (dDAC): A novel device for studying the dynamic-pressure properties of materials WJ Evans, CS Yoo, GW Lee, H Cynn, MJ Lipp, K Visbeck, Review of Scientific Instruments 78 (7), 073904, 2007

15. Dynamic pressure-induced dendritic and shock crystal growth of ice VI, GW Lee, WJ Evans, CS Yoo, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (22), 9178-9181, 2007

14. A case for local icosahedral order in undercooled metallic liquids and the influence on the nucleation barrier, KF Kelton, AK Gangopadhyay, TH Kim, GW Lee, Journal of non-crystalline solids 352 (50-51), 5318-5324,  2006

13. Crystallization of water in a dynamic diamond-anvil cell: Evidence for ice VII-like local order in supercompressed water, GW Lee, WJ Evans, CS Yoo, Physical Review B 74 (13), 134112, 2006

12. Nonlinearities in the undercooled properties of Ti39. 5Zr39. 5Ni21, RC Bradshaw, AD Arsenault, RW Hyers, JR Rogers, TJ Rathz, GW Lee, ..., Philosophical Magazine 86 (3-5), 341-347, 2006

11. Role of Ti in the formation of Zr–Ti–Cu–Ni–Al glasses, TH Kim, AK Gangopadhyay, LQ Xing, GW Lee, YT Shen, KF Kelton, ..., Applied Physics Letters 87 (25), 251924, 2005

10. Link between liquid structure and the nucleation barrier for icosahedral quasicrystal, polytetrahedral, and simple crystalline phases in Ti− Zr− Ni alloys: Verification of …, GW Lee, AK Gangopadhyay, TK Croat, TJ Rathz, RW Hyers, JR Rogers, ..., Physical Review B 72 (17), 174107, 2005

9. In situ high-energy X-ray diffraction study of the local structure of supercooled liquid Si, TH Kim, GW Lee, B Sieve, AK Gangopadhyay, RW Hyers, TJ Rathz, ..., Physical review letters 95 (8), 085501, 2005

8. Beamline electrostatic levitator for in situ high energy x-ray diffraction studies of levitated solids and liquids, AK Gangopadhyay, GW Lee, KF Kelton, JR Rogers, AI Goldman, ..., Review of Scientific Instruments 76 (7), 073901, 2005

7. Difference in icosahedral short-range order in early and late transition metal liquids, GW Lee, AK Gangopadhyay, KF Kelton, RW Hyers, TJ Rathz, JR Rogers, ..., Physical review letters 93 (3), 037802, 2004

6. Surface tension and viscosity of quasicrystal-forming Ti–Zr–Ni alloys, RW Hyers, RC Bradshaw, JR Rogers, TJ Rathz, GW Lee, ..., International journal of thermophysics 25 (4), 1155-1162, 2004

5. First x-ray scattering studies on electrostatically levitated metallic liquids: Demonstrated influence of local icosahedral order on the nucleation barrier, KF Kelton, GW Lee, AK Gangopadhyay, RW Hyers, TJ Rathz, JR Rogers, ...,Physical Review Letters 90 (19), 195504, 2003

4. X-ray and electrostatic levitation undercooling studies in Ti–Zr–Ni quasicrystal forming alloys, KF Kelton, AK Gangopadhyay, GW Lee, L Hannet, RW Hyers, S Krishnan, ..., Journal of non-crystalline solids 312, 305-308, 2002

3. Icosahedral-phase formation in as-cast Ti-Zr-Ni alloys, GW Lee, TK Croat, AK Gangopadhyay, KF Kelton, Philosophical Magazine Letters 82 (4), 199-205, 2002

2. Undercooling and X-ray structural studies of Ti-Zr-Ni Liquids, GW Lee, AK Gangopadhyay, KF Kelton, RW Hyers, TJ Rathz, ..., MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive 754,  2002

1. Phase Diagram and Electrostatic Levitation Undercooling Studies of Polytetrahedral Phases in Ti-Fe-Si-O and Ti-Zr-Ni Alloys, TK Croat, JP Davis, AK Gangopadhyay, KF Kelton, GW Lee, J Simmons, ..., MRS Online Proceedings Library Archive 643, 2000