Ghq-12 General Health Questionnaire-12 Free Download

While the longer versions of the GHQ are normally considered multidimensional, the GHQ-12 is often regarded as measuring only a single dimension of psychological health. For example, Corti [3] analyzed the GHQ-12 data in the BHPS and maintained that the high Cronbach's alpha value indicated the unidimensionality of this instrument. However, several authors suggested that the GHQ-12 contained two or three clinically meaningful factors. Using principal component analysis, Politi et al. [4] identified two factors: general dysphoria and social dysfunction. Andrich and van Schoubroeck [5] suggested that the positively worded items formed one factor and the negatively worded items formed another. Graetz [6], Martin [7] and Worsely and Gribbin [8] proposed three different 3-factor models. In a multi-centre study, although considerable between-centre variation was found, the final solution tended to have either two or three factors [9].

The Short Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) [16] is a 36-item questionnaire assessing functional health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in 8 domains: physical functioning, role limitations due to physical problems, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, role limitations due to emotional problems, and mental health. The instrument yields each domain a score ranging from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better HRQoL. The validity and reliability of SF-36 have been extensively documented [21]. In Singapore, both the UK English [16] and Chinese (Hong Kong) [22] versions of SF-36 have been validated [23, 24] and these two language versions appear to be equivalent [25].

Download Zip 🔥 https://tinurll.com/2y5UrX 🔥

Conclusion: When scored using the Likert and Corrected methods, the GHQ-12 performed excellently. When scored using the Standard method, performance was acceptable in detecting depressive disorder in the general population. The GHQ-12 appears to be a good proxy for depressive disorder when used in public health surveys.

Investigation of the factor structure of GHQ-12 demonstrated that GHQ-12 is a good measure for evaluating the general health of Saudi population. Future studies based on a larger sample size of non-clinical respondents will be useful to evaluate the practical effectiveness of GHQ-12 factors.

Considering the fact that factor analysis of the GHQ-12 has yielded two or three factor solutions. Two factor structures in an Iranian study [10] were similar to findings reported in the WHO study on psychological disorders in general healthcare [32]. Another study in New Zealand [33] supported the two-factor structure property of the 12 items GHQ, whereas, in a Spanish population [34] a three-factor structure was shown demonstrating successful stress, self-esteem, and coping. Rajabi et al. [35] indicated that three and two factor models of GHQ, fitted the data better than the one-dimensional model. Similarly, Gao [36] found that Graetz 3- factor model including Anxiety and Depression, Social Dysfunction, and Loss of Confidence fit the data better than other models. The aforementioned studies show the sample was demographically diverse including people from different education levels, general populations, industrial workers, and 18-year-old youth.

Despite being common, mental illness is underdiagnosed by health professionals. The reported prevalence of psychiatric or mental health disorders in Saudi Arabia vary from study to study [37]. Several studies have used GHQ-12 in a community setting in Saudi Arabia [38] however, there appears to be no evidence on the usefulness of GHQ-12 factor or if they exist in revealing between-patient difference in health-related quality of life and clinical states. Even though there are 3 identified distinct factors, it is usually difficult to differentiate them in clinical practice because all these factors are somehow correlated, which has been addressed by Gao et al. [36]. The study indicated that three factor domains of GHQ-12 fails to provide any supplementary information on psychological functioning of people in accordance to the health-related quality of life and clinical variables as compared with one dimensional measure. Whereas, homogeneity of the study population and small sample size, primarily coming from the clinical cases, may limit the generalizability of the study results. An in-depth study of factor structures would be valuable [39] because certain psychological domains can be a focus for targeting interventions to prevent further psychological deterioration within the population. Furthermore, in Saudi Arabia, to date, only one study successfully assessed the psychometric properties of the Arabic version GHQ-12 in university students [20]. However, no exploratory factor analysis (EFA) has been performed to assess the GHQ-12 factor structure. Therefore, verification and assessment of GHQ-12 factor structure is essential. Considering the different outcomes of the GHQ-12 factor structures in previous studies, this study was designed with the main objective to assess the factorial structure of GHQ-12 in a large sample recruited from Al Kharj central region in Saudi Arabia.

Over the coming months and years, even after the end of this pandemic, the number of people who need psychological support is expected to increase [3], not only for those who suffer from psychological disorders [4], but also for those who are under daily pressure due to the unusual conditions in which the world has come to live during total or partial home quarantine procedures [5]. The psychological distress associated with the pandemic has affected the well-being of the Saudi Arabian community, similar to the way it affected people in many countries, including students, health care professionals, and the general public. Whereas well-being is an important determinant of health and social outcomes, measures of positive and negative mental health states are needed for population-based research, especially after the pandemic.

Although diet may have a role in the prevention or cure of mental disorders, especially depression, further research is needed to elucidate the diet-mental health relationship. Some challenges and unclear points have been highlighted. First, although prospective (longitudinal) studies can reflect causal relationships, there are fewer prospective reports available than cross-sectional studies. Second, from the perspective of explanatory variables, analyzing dietary patterns or foods tells us how/what to eat; however, key components remain unclear, which may be detected by analysis of nutrients. Finally, even though the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) is widely used for screening common and general mental disorders not limited to specific diseases [14], few reports have used the GHQ-12 compared with other scales specific to depression, such as the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the associations between dietary intake of food groups/nutrients and general mental health assessed with the GHQ-12 in a Japanese population, using both cross-sectional and prospective studies. The food groups included fish, meat and chicken, dairy products, and vegetables. We also investigated three macronutrients, vitamins, calcium, and fatty acids.

At the international level, over a hundred studies have been conducted to explore or prove the GHQ-12 factorial structure66 Gnambs T, Staufenbiel T. The structure of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12): two meta-analytic factor analyses. Health Psychol Rev 2018; 12(2):179-194.,77 Guan M, Han B. Factor structures of General Health Questionnaire-12 within the number of kins among the rural residents in China. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1774. in countries as diverse as Germany88 Hinz A, Zenger M, Brhler E, Spitzer S, Scheuch K, Seibt R. Effort-reward imbalance and mental health problems in 1074 German teachers, compared with those in the general population. Stress Health 2003; 32(3):224-230., Saudi Arabia99 El-Metwally A, Javed S, Razzak HA, Aldossari KK, Aldiab A, Al-Ghamdi SH, Al-Zahrani JM. The factor structure of the general health questionnaire (GHQ12) in Saudi Arabia. BMC Health Serv Res 2018; 18(1):595., Austria1010 Friedrich F, Alexandrowicz R, Benda N, Cerny G, Wancata J. The criterion validity of different versions of the General Health Questionnaire among non-psychiatric inpatients. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2011; 46(7):635-641., China1111 Liang Y, Wang L, Yin X. The factor structure of the 12-item general health questionnaire (GHQ-12) in young Chinese civil servants. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2016; 14(1):136-145., Colombia1212 Ruiz FJ, Garca-Beltrn DM, Surez-Falcn JC. General Health Questionnaire-12 validity in Colombia and factorial equivalence between clinical and nonclinical participants. Psychiatry Res 2017; 256:53-58., Spain1313 Molina JG, Rodrigo MF, Losilla JM, Vives J. Wording effects and the factor structure of the 12-Item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Psychol Assess 2014; 26(3):1031-1037., India1414 Kashyap GC, Singh SK (2017). Reliability and validity of general health questionnaire (GHQ-12) for male tannery workers: a study carried out in Kanpur, India. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17(1):102., Iran1515 Namjoo S, Shaghaghi A, Sarbaksh P, Allahverdipour H, Pakpour AH. Psychometric properties of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) to be applied for the Iranian elder population. Aging Ment Health 2017; 21(10):1047-1051. and Japan1616 Ohno S, Takahashi K, Inoue A, Takada K, Ishihara Y, Tanigawa M, Hirao K. Smallest detectable change and test-retest reliability of a self-reported outcome measure: Results of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scales General Self Efficacy Scale, and 12 item General Health Questionnaire. J Eval Clin Pract 2017; 23(6):1348-1354.. Meta-analyses conducted by Gnambs and Staufenbie66 Gnambs T, Staufenbiel T. The structure of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12): two meta-analytic factor analyses. Health Psychol Rev 2018; 12(2):179-194. address the factorial structure of this measure. For example, exploratory factor analysis (K = 38, N = 76,473) identified two factors that showed clusters of negative and positive items. A second study (K = 84, N = 410,640) using confirmatory factor analysis identified a bifactorial structure, with the most of the variance was explained by the general factor. 17dc91bb1f