MySQL Proxy , ,

With a special focus on Percona Operator for MySQLOverviewHAProxy, ProxySQL, MySQL Router (AKA MySQL Proxy); in the last few years, I had to answer multiple times on what proxy to use and in what scenario. When designing an architecture, many components need to be considered before deciding on the best solution.

Finally, ProxySQL, which was working fine up to a certain limit, reached saturation point and could not serve the load. I am saying load because ProxySQL is a level 7 proxy and is aware of the content of the load. Given that, on top of multiplexing, additional resource consumption was expected.

MySQL Proxy , ,

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But where to run, how to run - no one says it. If I just run it on my master server, I obviously get an error "No database selected". Other user guides almost from the very start discuss lua scripting. But I do not need that, at least now. What I want is to simply check load balancing. A simple test case would be to execute a query to the database, and to see, how proxy works. Besides, guys, I see that mysql proxy share folder contains a lot of lua scripts. I see ro-balance for example. Lib directory contains also balance.lua. I guess, load balancing will be easier with these scripts - probably I will have to just specify read and write servers. So, if you have already gone through all these steps - to get just the simplest load balancing work, please, share your experience.

Google occasionally releases new versions of the Cloud SQL Auth Proxy. You can see what thecurrent version is by checking theCloud SQL Auth Proxy GitHub releases page.Future proxy releases will also be noted in theGoogle Groups Cloud SQL announce forum.

To create a user account for Cloud SQL Auth Proxy connections, specify the hostname as'cloudsqlproxy~[IP_ADDRESS]'. You can also use the IP addresswildcard, which would result in 'cloudsqlproxy~%'. The full user account namewould be:

There is no need to create a proxy process for every application process; manyapplication processes can share a single Cloud SQL Auth Proxy process. Run one Cloud SQL Auth Proxy clientprocess per workstation or virtual machine.

My program works with a remote MySQL server, and I want to create a local proxy server on my computer in order to make things faster (pool connections, cache queries etc.). I went by the documentation: -proxy.html

The MySQL server authenticates client connections using authentication plugins. The plugin that authenticates a given connection may request that the connecting (external) user be treated as a different user for privilege-checking purposes. This enables the external user to be a proxy for the second user; that is, to assume the privileges of the second user:

The account for the external proxy user must be set up to be authenticated by the plugin. Use the CREATE USER statement to associate an account with an authentication plugin, or ALTER USER to change its plugin.

For a client connecting to the proxy account to be treated as a proxy user, the authentication plugin must return a user name different from the client user name, to indicate the user name of the proxied account that defines the privileges to be assumed by the proxy user.

If that account is a proxy account, the server attempts to determine the appropriate proxied account by finding a match for a proxied account using the user name returned by the authentication plugin and the host name of the proxy account. The host name in the proxied account is ignored.

The server verifies that proxy authentication for employee is possible for the employee_ext user by checking whether employee_ext (the proxy user) has the PROXY privilege for employee (the proxied user). If this privilege has not been granted, an error occurs. Otherwise, employee_ext assumes the privileges of employee. The server checks statements executed during the client session by employee_ext against the privileges granted to employee. In this case, employee_ext can access tables in the employees database.

When proxying occurs, the USER() and CURRENT_USER() functions can be used to see the difference between the connecting user (the proxy user) and the account whose privileges apply during the current session (the proxied user). For the example just described, those functions return these values:

In the CREATE USER statement that creates the proxy user account, the IDENTIFIED WITH clause that names the proxy-supporting authentication plugin is optionally followed by an AS 'auth_string' clause specifying a string that the server passes to the plugin when the user connects. If present, the string provides information that helps the plugin determine how to map the proxy (external) client user name to a proxied user name. It is up to each plugin whether it requires the AS clause. If so, the format of the authentication string depends on how the plugin intends to use it. Consult the documentation for a given plugin for information about the authentication string values it accepts.

Proxied accounts generally are intended to be used only by means of proxy accounts. That is, clients connect using a proxy account, then are mapped onto and assume the privileges of the appropriate proxied user.

The initial root account created during MySQL installation has the PROXY ... WITH GRANT OPTION privilege for ''@'', that is, for all users and all hosts. This enables root to set up proxy users, as well as to delegate to other accounts the authority to set up proxy users. For example, root can do this:

If the password is correct and ldap_auth finds that myuser is a developer, it returns the user name developer to the MySQL server, rather than myuser. Returning a user name different from the client user name of myuser signals to the server that it should treat myuser as a proxy. The server verifies that ''@'' can authenticate as developer (because ''@'' has the PROXY privilege to do so) and accepts the connection. The session proceeds with myuser having the privileges of the developer proxied user. (These privileges should be set up by the DBA using GRANT statements, not shown.) The USER() and CURRENT_USER() functions return these values:

The first account (''@'') is intended as the default proxy user, used to authenticate connections for users who do not otherwise match a more-specific account. The second account (''@'%') is an anonymous-user account, which might have been created, for example, to enable users without their own account to connect anonymously.

Both accounts have the same user part (''), which matches any user. And each account has a host part that matches any host. Nevertheless, there is a priority in account matching for connection attempts because the matching rules sort a host of '%' ahead of ''. For accounts that do not match any more-specific account, the server attempts to authenticate them against ''@'%' (the anonymous user) rather than ''@'' (the default proxy user). As a result, the default proxy account is never used.

Assume that the some_plugin/'some_auth_string' combination causes some_plugin to map the client user name to developer. Local connections match the ''@'localhost' proxy user, which maps to the 'developer'@'localhost' proxied user. Remote connections match the ''@'%' proxy user, which maps to the 'developer'@'%' proxied user.

Some authentication plugins implement proxy user mapping for themselves (for example, the PAM and Windows authentication plugins). Other authentication plugins do not support proxy users by default. Of these, some can request that the MySQL server itself map proxy users according to granted proxy privileges: mysql_native_password, sha256_password. If the check_proxy_users system variable is enabled, the server performs proxy user mapping for any authentication plugins that make such a request:

Assuming that the relevant system variables have been enabled, create the proxy user as usual using CREATE USER, then grant it the PROXY privilege to a single other account to be treated as the proxied user. When the server receives a successful connection request for the proxy user, it finds that the user has the PROXY privilege and uses it to determine the proper proxied user.

When a single account has been granted proxy privileges for more than one proxied account, server proxy user mapping is nondeterministic. Therefore, granting to a single account proxy privileges for multiple proxied accounts is discouraged.

proxy_user: This value is NULL if proxying is not used. Otherwise, it indicates the proxy user account. For example, if a client authenticates through the ''@'' proxy account, this variable is set as follows:

For example, if you know your interns should only read from the DB (not write), you can create a proxied user called intern with GRANT SELECT, and then, for each of your interns, you create a proxy user with GRANT PROXY ON 'intern@localhost' TO 'name_of_the_intern@localhost'

One administrative benefit to be gained by proxying is that the DBA [DataBase Admin] can set up a single account with a set of privileges and then enable multiple proxy users to have those privileges without having to assign the privileges individually to each of those users. As an alternative to proxy users, DBAs may find that roles provide a suitable way to map users onto specific sets of named privileges. Each user can be granted a given single role to, in effect, be granted the appropriate set of privileges.

Amazon RDS Proxy is a fully managed, highly available database proxy for Amazon Relational Database Service (RDS) that makes applications more scalable, more resilient to database failures, and more secure.

Hi- can anybody tell me if the aws-rds proxy endpoint can establish connection like I do with my database endpoint? Like is it possible to set the proxy up so that I only have to change the endpoint in my code so that I can just receive the benefits of aws' managed connections? Or is that not how the proxy can work.

ProxySQL is an open-source MySQL proxy server, meaning it serves as an intermediary between a MySQL server and the applications that access its databases. ProxySQL can improve performance by distributing traffic among a pool of multiple database servers and also improve availability by automatically failing over to a standby if one or more of the database servers fail. be457b7860