Weight Gain Gamel

Our dialysis unit observed fluid noncompliance over a wide variety of patients. The consequences of fluid abuse that can include systemic and cardiovascular overload are a frequent clinic complication of hemodialysis patients. In spite of all our attempts, our dialysis unit continued to have a substantial group of patients who could not adhere to their fluid restriction. Our dialysis unit needed a novel program to help motivate patients to comply with diet/medication fluid regimens. A method that seems to work well in our dialysis unit is playing unit-wide games. We developed "The Fluid Game," an original patient education idea, for providing renal patients with a fun incentive to keep their interdialytic weight gains within acceptable limits.

Recent findings: Based on a scoping review of 26 studies (25 cross-sectional; 1 longitudinal) published in 2013-2018, 14 studies (53%) reported no association between video game play and obesity, and 12 studies reported positive associations. In a review of 8 systematic reviews, there was preliminary evidence on the effectiveness of exergame (physically active) play for weight reduction and to attenuate weight gain but little indication that interventions effectively reduced video game play or general screen time. This review found ambiguous evidence on the extent to which video game play is or is not significantly associated with obesity in children and preliminary evidence of exergame play as a tool for weight reduction and attenuation of weight gain. Several gaps existed in understanding the relationship between video game play and obesity, and prospective and interventional trials are needed.

Weight Gain Gamel

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While on the scale, Stoliarenko wobbled and lost her balance, then staggered backward and collapsed against the UFC backdrop. Security personnel rushed to aid her. After several minutes, she tried again and collapsed backwards to the floor. The bout was canceled because of her health complications; specifically, Stoliarenko was knocked out by a dangerous health practice known as weight-cutting, which involves rapidly losing weight in the weeks before a weigh-in and then rapidly gaining it back in the twenty-four hours before a fight.

Here's how it works. Weight-cutting starts off essentially as a seemingly normal weight-loss diet: fighters eat healthy and work to burn more calories than they consume. Ideally, this allows weight loss from burning muscle and fat. Then, as the weigh-in deadline looms closer, athletes resort to losing weight by dehydration. By getting rid of as much water as possible, they can shed the extra few pounds they need to pass the weigh-in, and then gain it back by rehydrating. Usually, that means chugging a bunch of Gatorade as soon as they step off the scale; in extreme circumstances, they may have a friend waiting with an IV bag just off-stage.

Veteran athletes often have weight-cutting down to a science, knowing how long they need to cut a specific number of pounds. For example, a high-level wrestler will know how many minutes they need to spend in the sauna to reach a given weight. This might limit the outward appearance of dehydration or minimally impact their performance since they are less dehydrated at each step. But internally, their organs may be on the verge of failure.

Less experienced athletes often struggle with weight-cutting, and in some cases may hire nutrition coaches just to help them shed pounds quickly. That struggle is known as a "hard cut," and is often blamed for a fighter not making weight or suffering consequences of extreme weight loss.

There is no question that extreme weight-cutting is unsafe. Documented dangers of extreme weight-cutting vary and include changes in core body temperature, nervous system dysfunction, electrolyte imbalances, and cardiovascular strain.

Weight cutting and its effects have yet to be fully documented at the professional level, but in 2013 and 2016, two MMA athletes lost their lives while cutting weight. Leonardo Souza was found collapsed in a sauna after suffering a fatal cerebrovascular event. He took a fight on short notice and was attempting to lose 33 pounds in one week. Likewise, there has been a rise in the number of combatants hospitalized for medical complications in the days leading up to a weigh-in.

In 1996, a series of NCAA weight-cutting related deaths in wrestling within weeks of each other led the organization to re-evaluate weight-cutting practices among their athletes. The NCAA moved weigh-ins from the day before an event to the day of the event. They also recommended instituting what they called a "1.5% rule," which states that athletes should lose not more than 1.5% of body weight per week. For example, a 165-pound student-athlete trying to make a 157-pound weight class should lose no more than two pounds (i.e. 1.2% of total body weight) per week. This helps to minimize the degree of dehydration.

In professional events like boxing and MMA, as well as many international wrestling events, weigh-ins still occur one or two days prior to the competition. Hence, weight-cutting is still common among these fighters, as research has found. Unpublished studies of professional MMA fighters in California showed that most fighters do not weigh within the agreed-upon fight weight-class the night of the bout. Most walk into the cage one or two weight-classes above the contracted weight class.

The dangers of weight-cutting have led to calls for weigh-in reforms, both from the media and from professional medical organizations. Indeed, in 2016, a call to alarm over weight-cutting was published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine. California state athletic commissioner Andy Foster, who oversees all of combat sports in his state, has called weight-cutting " the biggest problem in combat sports." Groups such as the American College of Sports Medicine and the Association of Ringside Physicians have issued recommendations to end excessive dehydration as a weight-cutting tool.

Yet, despite the known medical dangers, money always plays a part in hindering reform. If fighters agree upon a weight-class title bout and the fighters do not make weight, then fans and promoters lose out on a much-hyped title fight. To wit: just a few months ago, a Bellator main event had to be changed at the last minute when one fighter failed to make weight.

Tickets, pay-per-views and sponsorships come at a price. Losing a title fight due to a weight issue is like paying to see a movie and then finding out the main actor bailed at the last minute. Professional sports organizations obviously try to avoid these situations, which may be why they tolerate or turn a blind eye to weight-cutting.

In the United States, there is no federal regulatory body that oversees professional combat sports; rather, states have their own athletic commissions who oversee and enforce the rules for boxing and MMA. There have been some proposals for standardization and enforcement of weight-cutting regulations. Some states that see a lot of fights such as California and Nevada have more extensive medical and regulatory bodies in place and the budgets to keep them better funded. In 2019, California passed a measure to curb extreme weight cutting. Fighters weighing above 15% of their contracted limit on the day of the fight would no longer be allowed to compete. Other states have less money and personnel to enforce stricter health and safety measures.

A friend of mine recently slimmed down on Weight Watchers. She joined two months ago, and in just a couple of weeks, she'd shed 10 pounds. She'd been trying for a year to lose weight, but nothing worked -- until now.

As discussed above, typical sources of animal protein like meat and dairy products have more calories per pound than typical plant sources (9). This helps explain why red meat and poultry are linked to weight gain (19), while beans, lentils, and chickpeas are not (20). It also helps explain why people who replace sources of animal protein with sources of plant protein experience a reduction in body fat (18).

While many people who want to reduce body fat spend years, if not decades, yo-yoing between their standard, weight-inducing animal-based diet and calorie-restricted diets that leave them hungry, tired, and set up for failure, plant-based eating centered around whole foods offer the healthiest and most sustainable solution for getting and staying lean.

(14) Ello-Martin JA, Roe LS, Ledikwe JH, Beach AM, Rolls BJ. Dietary energy density in the treatment of obesity: a year-long trial comparing 2 weight-loss diets. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007 Jun;85(6):1465-77.

(19) Halkjr J, Olsen A, Overvad K, Jakobsen MU, Boeing H, Buijsse B, Palli D, Tognon G, Du H, van der A DL, Forouhi NG, Wareham NJ, Feskens EJ, Srensen TI, Tjnneland A. Intake of total, animal and plant protein and subsequent changes in weight or waist circumference in European men and women: the Diogenes project. Int J Obes (Lond). 2011 Aug;35(8):1104-13.

(20) Kim SJ, de Souza RJ, Choo VL, Ha V, Cozma AI, Chiavaroli L, Mirrahimi A, Blanco Mejia S, Di Buono M, Bernstein AM, Leiter LA, Kris-Etherton PM, Vuksan V, Beyene J, Kendall CW, Jenkins DJ, Sievenpiper JL. Effects of dietary pulse consumption on body weight: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016 May;103(5):1213-23.

(21) Kahleova H, Fleeman R, Hlozkova A, Holubkov R, Barnard ND. A plant-based diet in overweight individuals in a 16-week randomized clinical trial: metabolic benefits of plant protein. Nutr Diabetes. 2018 Nov;8(1):58.

(22) Kahleova H, Dort S, Holubkov R, Barnard ND. A plant-based high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet in overweight individuals in a 16-week randomized clinical trial: The role of carbohydrates. Nutrients. 2018 Sep;10(9). pii: E1302.

(27) Barnard ND, Scialli AR, Turner-McGrievy G, Lanou AJ, Glass J. The effects of a low-fat, plant-based dietary intervention on body weight, metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. Am J Med. 2005 Sep;118(9):991-7. be457b7860