Download [2021] Google Camera Vivo Y12

Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLI) provides a unique contrast mechanism to monitor biological parameters and molecular events in vivo. Single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) cameras have been recently demonstrated in FLI microscopy (FLIM) applications, but their suitability for in vivo macroscopic FLI (MFLI) in deep tissues remains to be demonstrated. Herein, we report in vivo NIR MFLI measurement with SwissSPAD2, a large time-gated SPAD camera. We first benchmark its performance in well-controlled in vitro experiments, ranging from monitoring environmental effects on fluorescence lifetime, to quantifying Frster resonant energy transfer (FRET) between dyes. Next, we use it for in vivo studies of target-drug engagement in live and intact tumor xenografts using FRET. Information obtained with SwissSPAD2 was successfully compared to that obtained with a gated intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) camera, using two different approaches. Our results demonstrate that SPAD cameras offer a powerful technology for in vivo preclinical applications in the NIR window.

Positron-emission tomography (PET) and single-photon-emission computed tomography (SPECT) are well-established nuclear-medicine imaging methods used in modern medical diagnoses. Combining PET with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) and SPECT with an 111In-labelled ligand provides clinicians with information about the aggressiveness and specific types of tumors. However, it is difficult to integrate a SPECT system with a PET system because SPECT requires a collimator. Herein, we describe a novel method that provides simultaneous imaging with PET and SPECT nuclides by combining PET imaging and Compton imaging. The latter is an imaging method that utilizes Compton scattering to visualize gamma rays over a wide range of energies without requiring a collimator. Using Compton imaging with SPECT nuclides, instead of the conventional SPECT imaging method, enables PET imaging and Compton imaging to be performed with one system. In this research, we have demonstrated simultaneous in vivo imaging of a tumor-bearing mouse injected with 18F-FDG and an 111In-antibody by using a prototype Compton-PET hybrid camera. We have succeeded in visualizing accumulations of 18F-FDG and 111In-antibody by performing PET imaging and Compton imaging simultaneously. As simultaneous imaging utilizes the same coordinate axes, it is expected to improve the accuracy of diagnoses.

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Although the technology to enable simultaneous imaging with PET and SPECT nuclides is required in nuclear medicine, it is difficult to integrate a SPECT system with a PET system because SPECT requires a collimator. Studies of multi-tracer imaging have been conducted by using the conventional SPECT imaging method8,9,10,11. Typically, multi-tracer SPECT imaging is performed for nuclides that emit low-energy gamma rays8,9,10. A SPECT system that can visualize both PET tracers and SPECT tracers has also been developed11. However, since this system uses collimators in detecting the 511 keV gamma-rays originating from a PET tracer as single photons, the sensitivity of the PET tracer is reduced compared with that obtained by PET imaging11. Recently, Compton imaging12 based on Compton scattering has been studied for applications in the fields of space13,14, nuclear15,16,17, and medical research18,19,20,21. Compton imaging has the capability for multi-nuclide imaging without requiring a collimator. Some groups have reported in vivo multi-tracer imaging by using Compton imaging18,19,20,21. In particular, references 10 and 11 reported simultaneous in vivo Compton imaging with a PET tracer and a SPECT tracer using a Si/CdTe Compton camera. However, simultaneous in vivo multi-tracer imaging that employs the principles of both PET imaging and Compton imaging has not yet been reported, although PET imaging can visualize a PET tracer with higher sensitivity and spatial resolution than those of Compton imaging. We have recently proposed a new simultaneous multi-nuclide imaging technology that combines PET imaging and Compton imaging22. Figure 1 shows the concept of the Compton-PET hybrid camera. It uses conventional PET imaging with coincidence detection of annihilation gamma rays to visualize the PET nuclides. The SPECT nuclides are visualized using Compton imaging. By detecting the coincidence between a Compton-scattered gamma ray of energy \(E_{s} \) and a fully absorbed gamma ray of energy \(E_{a}\), the angle of incidence \(\theta\) of the gamma rays can be obtained via the following equation:

Concept of the Compton-PET hybrid camera. The PET tracers are visualized using coincidence detection of annihilation gamma rays through opposing absorbers. The SPECT tracers are visualized using coincidence detection of a Compton-scattered gamma ray (in a scatterer) and a fully absorbed gamma ray (in an absorber). Green and blue stars represent PET and SPECT tracers, respectively. The solid black lines represent two gamma rays, here scattered by separate scatterers (thin yellow boxes) before being absorbed in separate absorbers (thick yellow boxes). The dashed lines represent the axes of the two Compton cones, and the blue ovals represent their bases. The figure was created using the software (Adobe Illustrator, Illustrator CC 24, ).

Simultaneous 111In and 18F in vivo imaging results. (a) A reconstructed image of the 111In antibody obtained by Compton imaging. The CT image and the reconstructed image are superimposed. The location of the tumor and the liver are visualized. (b) A reconstructed image of 18F-FDG obtained by Compton imaging. The location of the bladder is strongly visualized. (c) A reconstructed image of 18F-FDG obtained by PET imaging. The accumulation in the field of view (FOV), which is determined by the detector size, is visualized.

In this research, the radioactivities of 18F and 111In for in vivo imaging were determined to be less affected by 511 keV scattered photons; however, this crosstalk was not corrected here. Although the Compton images of 111In-antibody and 18F-FDG visualized their accumulation, some artifacts appeared. In principle, energy information of Compton scattering gives us only the angle information of incoming gamma-ray unlike a PET event that determines the direction. There, Compton imaging is performed by drawing Compton cones, of which a part contributes to artifacts in the reconstructed image. Besides, crosstalk events caused by higher gamma-rays also contributes to artifacts in multi-tracer imaging. In in vivo imaging of larger animals or humans, the photons scattering within the body will contribute to additional crosstalk in the Compton events as well as backgrounds in PET events, therefore, the scatter correction is required. The scatter correction method for Compton imaging has not been studied so much yet, whereas that for PET imaging has been developed and widely used in the field of PET imaging. Recently, we demonstrated the scatter correction method in the Compton imaging system by setting arbitrary scattering points on the attenuating material38. As the method to reduce crosstalk artifacts, Sakai et al.24 demonstrated a dual-energy-window scatter correction, which is used in SPECT imaging, for multi-nuclide Compton imaging. Another candidate as crosstalk reduction method, especially for 111In, is the double photon coincidence method39,40,41,42. 111In emits successive gamma-rays of 171 keV and 245 keV via an intermediate state, therefore, the coincidence detection of these gamma-rays could result in the drastic crosstalk reduction. By using these techniques, the scattered photons and crosstalk events could be reduced, resulting in the improvement of Compton images.

The 128-channel ToT outputs from a scatterer and an absorber are transferred to a 144-channel field-programmable gate array (FPGA, Xilinx Kinetex7 XC7k70T) data-acquisition (DAQ) system through KEL coaxial cables. The time stamp, channel number, and ToT pulse width are recorded in list mode in a solid-state drive (SSD) with 2.5 ns accuracy. As the prototype Compton-PET camera requires two DAQs, external clocks with a frequency of 1 kHz generated by a function generator are also transferred to the DAQs, utilizing an unused channel to synchronize the two DAQs. Time stamps are corrected using external clocks during offline analysis for extracting PET events.

This work was supported by AMED under Grant Number 18hm0102040h0003, JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 19J13733, and JST PRESTO Grant number JPMJPR17G5. The authors wish to thank the organization for their financial support. The basic performance experiments with micro tubes were conducted under the support of Isotope Science Center, The University of Tokyo. The in vivo imaging was conducted at the National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (NIRS). We thank Dr. A. Sugyou and Mr. H. Wakizaka at the NIRS for their contributions regarding supports of the mouse experiment. The authors would like to thank Enago (www.enago.jp) for the English language review.

The new modality of Compton-PET hybrid camera was conceived by K.S. The in vivo experiment was conducted by M.U. and M.T., and other experiments and analysis of all data was conducted by M.U. All authors contributed to developing the imaging system and discussing the results.

Vivo is refreshing its flagship X series next week, where it will launch the Vivo X100 and Vivo X100 Pro smartphones. The company also confirmed this week that the launch will take place on January 4. We are also reviewing the Vivo X100 and X100 Pro, but we are bound by embargoes to reveal too many details. What we can reveal is the design details and share some images we shot on the smartphone, but we will do that in just a minute. Also, a good thing is that the smartphones have already been launched in the China markets, so we already know most of the details about the devices. advertisementVivo X100 and Vivo X100 Pro design Both the smartphones are built with a similar design language to the X90 series. The circular camera housing at the back is most reminiscent of the previous generation X series smartphones by the company. On first look, it's hard to tell the X100 and X100 Pro apart. They both sport a sleek design and a matte finish at the back, which makes even a smartphone with a close to 7-inch display, fairly easy to hold. You really notice the difference between the two when you pay attention to the camera modules. Vivo X100 Pro ff782bc1db