STAAD is a popular structural analysis application known for analysis, diverse applications of use, interoperability, and time-saving capabilities. STAAD helps structural engineers perform 3D structural analysis and design for both steel and concrete structures.
STAAD is a popular structural analysis application known for advanced analysis, diverse applications of use, interoperability, and time-saving capabilities. STAAD helps structural engineers perform 3D structural analysis and design for both steel and concrete structures. A physical model created in the structural design software can be transformed into an analytical model for structural analysis. Many design code standards are incorporated into STAAD to make sure that the structural design complies with local regulations.
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Each of these programs offers unique capabilities and tools that are tailored to different types of structures and problems, allowing users to find just the right solution for their work. SAP2000 is intended for use on civil structures such as dams, communication towers, stadiums, industrial plants and buildings. CSiBridge offers powerful parametric design of concrete and steel bridges. ETABS has been developed specifically for multi-story commercial and residential building structures, such as office towers, apartments and hospitals. The SAFE System provides an efficient and powerful program for the analysis and design of concrete slabs and foundations, with or without post-tensioning. PERFORM-3D is a highly focused nonlinear tool offering powerful performance based design capabilities.
Among the wood-based materials used in buildings, cross laminated timber (CLT), for example, provides many advantageous properties, such as high fire resistance and good thermal insulation [86]. Jayalath compared the life cycle impacts of two types of building systems, i.e., reinforced concrete (RC) and CLT for mid-rise residential buildings [87]. The results showed that the EE value of the RC buildings was 51% higher compared to the EE value of the CLT. In addition, it was also identified that this difference between the RC and CLT buildings is due to the main structural elements, such as columns, flooring, exterior walls, interior walls and roof. This is mainly due to the fact that materials, such as steel and concrete in the RC building consume much energy in its manufacturing.
Over the past few years, several mass timber buildings have been designed with CLT panels and other wood-based materials. Traditionally, mass timber panels are fixed to the foundation or flooring diaphragm with metal connectors, such as hold-downs and angle brackets. Tests have shown that CLT panels are rigid and ductile and dissipate energy through the connections between the base and the panels, so their mechanical performance is controlled by the connections [149]. Mass timber buildings with CLT can provide potential energy savings. Guo et al. studied the energy-saving and carbon-reducing performance of CLT buildings. The results showed that buildings constructed with CLT panels outperformed RC buildings, mostly in terms of energy savings (29.4%) and reduced carbon emissions (24.6%) [150]. Simulations conducted by Setter et al. on CLT buildings in Minneapolis (USA) showed savings of 38% (USD 600) in annual heating energy, while the CLT house in Phoenix (USA) showed savings of 17% in annual cooling energy and 20% electric cooling peak savings [151]. Tettey et al. also indicate that CLT may require between 20% and 37% less energy than concrete for heating and cooling [152]. Furthermore, a 10-story modeled building studied by Khavari et al. showed that CLT provides energy savings of about USD 2090 per year compared to a light steel frame system [152].
In studying the growth of 2D and 3D methods of industrialized construction in North America in new and existing enterprises, Pullen et al. [156] found that companies building larger structures generally use more stable or rigid materials. In other words, the authors state that between timber, steel and other types of material (concrete or unique lightweight plastics), timber dominates the low-rise market, while steel has the advantage for high-rises. On the other hand, it is not surprising that CLT and glulam are most often used for mid-rise buildings (4- to 6-stories) and typically not used for higher buildings (over 14 stories) [134,156,157].
The expansion of research and proven case studies involving taller CLT-based and glulam structures may change this trend. For example, the moisture conditions of mass timber products for an 8-story building were studied in Portland (USA) over one year by monitoring the moisture content of wood products in different building phases, including panel transport, building assembly, enclosure of the building and in situ drying [142]. The results showed that mass timber buildings built during the rainy season presented high moisture levels in wood products.
Some examples of hybrid buildings that have been built around the world include Treet and Mjstrnet in Norway, Fort in Australia, and Brock Commons Tallwood House and Origine in Canada [166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173]. In taller buildings, the envelope mitigates the external forces acting on the building and helps to maintain comfortable thermal, visual and acoustic conditions. In addition, the envelope is an essential element of a building because it not only serves as an esthetic element but also resists the main load-bearing structure [174]. Despite their considerable benefits, mass timber and hybrid buildings are still facing several challenges, especially those related to costs [156,175]. The material is more expensive compared to traditional construction materials (concrete and steel), as has been argued in previous sections [156]. In addition, when panels are not installed properly, considerable acoustic issues may result [176]. Furthermore, as is indicated by Ahmed and Arocho [177], in the case of the USA, a lack of design codes and specifications makes it more difficult for many developers to use mass timber materials (CLT). The authors also discuss the fact that there is a limited number of firms that manufacture mass timber elements in the U.S., making the delivery of materials impractical and the cost of transportation high.
Ready-mix concrete delivery problem (RMCDP), a specific version of the vehicle routing problem (VRP), is a relevant supply-chain engineering task for construction management with various formulations and solving methods. This problem can range from a simple scenario involving one source, one material and one destination to a more challenging and complex case involving multiple sources, multiple materials and multiple destinations. This paper presents an Internet of Things (IoT)-supported active building information modeling (BIM) system for optimized multi-project ready-mix concrete (RMC) delivery.
The presented system is BIM-based, IoT supported, dynamic and automatic input/output exchange to provide an optimal delivery program for multi-project ready-mix-concrete problem. The input parameters are extracted as real-time map-supported IoT data and transferred to the system via an application programming interface (API) into a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) optimization model developed to perform the optimization. The obtained optimization results are further integrated into BIM by conventional project management tools. To demonstrate the features of the suggested system, an RMCDP example was applied to solve that included four building sites, seven eligible concrete plants and three necessary RMC mixtures.
The modern 3D structural analysis and design program is suitable for the structural and dynamic analysis of beam structures as well as the design of structures consisting of concrete, steel, timber, masonry or other materials utilizing add-ons integrated in the program. be457b7860
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