A flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) is a system composed of static equipment used for the alternating current (AC) transmission of electrical energy. It is meant to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability of the network. It is generally a power electronics-based system.
FACTS is defined by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) as "a power electronic based system and other static equipment that provide control of one or more AC transmission system parameters to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability".[1]
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According to Siemens, "FACTS Increase the reliability of AC grids and reduce power delivery costs. They improve transmission quality and efficiency of power transmission by supplying inductive or reactive power to grid.[2]
The worldwide power sector has witnessed significant disruption, growth, and change in recent years. Siemens Energy has developed modern, flexible, high capacity grid stabilizing solutions. Read more in our new brochure!
The addition of renewables-based power generation to the energy mix, phase-out of thermal power plants, new HVDC systems, and the extension of power supply systems to remote areas influence the stability of transmission networks.
Power producers and system operators are faced with increasing demands for bulk power transmission, low-cost power delivery, and high system reliability. At the same time, bottlenecks cause limitations in power transmission. For highly dynamic load compensation in the industry a very fast compensation system is called for.
The innovative SVC PLUS for Reactive Power Compensation is a cost efficient, space saving, flexible solution to increase dynamic stability and power quality of the grid, based on multilevel Voltage-Source Converter (VSC) technology.
The fixed series capacitor (FSC) is part of the series compensation portfolio and makes use of capacitors. They provide an increase in transmission system stability and capacity for power transmission.
Decentralized energy systems and the associated uncontrolled power flows pose new challenges for the existing AC grids. Thermal overloads in the lines and a growing number of cases in which frequency and voltage come critically close to acceptable range limits, or even exceed them, threaten grid stability and the transmission infrastructure. The Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC PLUS) controls power flow in just milliseconds thus stabilizes the AC grid even in critical situations (Grid Code N-1). UPFC PLUS lets you get the most from your existing grid capacity while maintaining maximum protection, reducing the risk of power failures, and minimizing redispatch costs.
Siemens Energy's MVDC PLUS medium-voltage DC solution is a powerful system for managing future distribution grids and regional transmission networks. The solution provides power flow control, long distance transmission, increased feed-in, transmission autonomy and grid connection.
In three-phase AC grids problems are often caused by temporarily increased load on one phase for example for trains use the transmission system while passing by. Fast and efficient load balancing for each phase is also required in historically developed infrastructures in challenging environments, e.g. for metro stations in megacities.
Siemens Energy' SVC PLUS with its flexible, modular concept could be the perfect match. The electric characteristics of the SVC PLUS differ from a classic SVC. Its current control leads to a superior undervoltage performance, which means that the SVC PLUS can support the network longer and at lower voltages.
Synchronous condenser solutions support transmission systems with short-circuit power, reactive power and inertia to stabilize the grids and to prevent blackouts. They feature high efficiency, low noise emissions and low installation and commissioning costs. Inertia can be extended by the use of a fly wheel.
The active power stability can be increased by load flow control in meshed systems. It thereby significantly improving performance of existing and future transmission grids. For these tasks, Siemens Energy offers different solutions, e.g. the UPFC PLUS.
The latest innovation from Siemens Energy for load flow control is the high sophisticated Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC PLUS) with an additional function for voltage control. It is based on proven converter technology from Siemens Energy just like the MVDC PLUS (Medium-Voltage Direct Current) system which offers load flow control via DC transmission. The passive Fixed Series Capacitors (FSC) offer stability of long-distance transmissions by compensating the inductive reactance. The transmission of active power is mainly limited by the impedance of the transmission line, comprising the ohmic resistance plus the capacitive and inductive reactance. They help to better utilize existing overhead lines by increasing their transmission capacities and contribute to steady state and dynamic stability of the system.
Filters, SVC, and SVC PLUS compensate for reactive loads and thus improve the power factor. Efficient power transmission and prevention of penalty charges for reactive power consumption are achieved.
In order to ensure resilient grids, flexible and quickly deployable systems are required for rapid grid restoration after severe events, for bridging in case of grid changes due to e.g. power plant shutdowns or the integration of renewables as well as for the revision of transmission lines at important nodes. Learn more about our containerized and mobile Flexible AC Transmission Systems:
Siemens Energy is active worldwide and has proven experience with all technical and environmental challenges in transmission grids. Even industries worldwide rely on solutions from Siemens Energy to optimize their power supply for smooth operation and compliance to utility regulations. With Flexible AC Transmission System projects executed up to the highest voltage level over the whole FACTS portfolio Siemens Energy can call oneself world market and technology leader. Here you can find a selection of our references.
Human skin contains multiple receptors and is able to sense various stimuli such as temperature, touch, pressure, and deformation, with high sensitivity and resolution. The development of skin-like sensors capable of sensing these stimuli is of great importance for various applications such as robots, touch detection, temperature monitoring, and strain gauges. Great efforts have been made to develop high performance touch sensor and pressure sensor. Compared with general sensor, the touch-pressure sensor which is reported in this paper not only can measure large pressure but also has a high resolution in the small range so that it can feel slight touch. The sensor has a vertical structure. The upper layer is made of silicone rubber as the capacitive layer and the lower layer employs multiwall carbon nanotubes and carbon black filled silicone rubber as the resistive layer. The electrodes are made by conductive silver adhesives. In addition, the electrodes are connected to the pads on the top surface of the flexible printed circuit board by enamelled wires which made it easier to fabricate sensor array. The resolution of the touch-pressure sensor in the range of 0-10 N and 10-100 N are 0.1 N and 1 N, respectively. The experimental data of the sensor are sent by ZigBee wireless technology which reduces the complexity of the wiring and provides a convenient way to apply and maintain the sensor array.
This article will briefly explore how recent breakthroughs around the world in power transmission systems have led to an imperative in the United States to develop a more intelligent, flexible, long-haul transmission network that has the ability to carry renewable energy from remote locations to major population centers.
Proposed goals for a national renewable portfolio standard vary from 12 to 25 percent, and should such a national standard be released by the government, it is estimated that incremental capacity additions of over 300 GW will need to occur. However, transmission capacity for this new and mostly remote generation currently does not exist.
Bulk transmission capacity is a pre-requisite for large scale renewable generation. While the intermittent nature of many renewable power sources creates new challenges for grid reliability, there are indeed proven, readily-available and cost-effective transmission technologies to mitigate their impact. Reliable, cost-effective transmission technology exists to support massive amounts of new renewable generation, and they are available right now. These technologies include:
High voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission moves bulk power from remote generation areas to load centers, by using DC rather than AC transmission. Though this technology was pioneered more than 50 years ago, it is enjoying increasing popularity now.
Intelligent transmission systems like Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) increase the capacity of existing transmission networks, improve reliability and enable effective integration of renewable generation. The replacement of local generation with remote generation requires additional reactive power support. The intermittent nature of wind and solar may require dynamic VAR support for system stability.
Just this summer, an even larger project off the coast of Europe was launched. ABB is working with the transmission grid operator, Transpower, to supply an 800 megawatt (MW) power link. This project will involve HVDC Light technology to transmit power from the 400MW Borkum West II wind farm and other wind farms to be developed nearby. The wind farms will be connected to an offshore HVDC converter station which will transmit electricity to the onshore HVDC station at Drpen, on the northwest coast of Germany via 165km of underwater and underground DC cables. The Drpen/West converter station will in turn feed AC power to the mainland grid. At 320-kilovolts, this will be the highest voltage level of extruded cable ever used for HVDC. be457b7860
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