A dispatch from the Prussian king William I to his chancellor, Bismarck, that precipitated the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War. A relative of the Prussian king, Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, had accepted an offer to the Spanish throne. This alarmed the French, who feared Prussian influence south of the Pyrenees. Leopold withdrew his claim a few days later, but the French ambassador approached William at the German spa town of Ems, asking for an assurance that Leopold's candidacy would never be renewed. The king refused, politely but firmly, and he sent his chancellor a telegram to the effect that the crisis had passed. Bismarck, intent on provoking war with France, published a shortened version which turned the refusal into an insult. French public opinion was outraged and Napoleon III declared the Franco-Prussian War, whose consequences were to include the downfall of the French Second Empire and the creation of the German Second empire.

The Ems Dispatch (French: Dpche d'Ems, German: Emser Depesche), sometimes called the Ems Telegram, was published on 13 July 1870; it incited the Second French Empire to declare war on the Kingdom of Prussia on 19 July 1870, starting the Franco-Prussian War. The actual dispatch was an internal telegram sent by Heinrich Abeken from Prussian King Wilhelm I's vacationing site at Ems to Otto von Bismarck in Berlin, describing demands made by the French ambassador concerning the Spanish succession. Bismarck, the chancellor (head of government) of the North German Confederation, released a statement to the press, stirring up emotions in both France and Germany.


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In July of 1940, Nazi officials hatched a plan to kidnap Edward VIII, who had abdicated the British throne in 1936, and install him as a puppet ruler in England. It was a bit of a harebrained idea and it never came to fruition. But newly released documents from the National Archives reveal that Winston Churchill nevertheless worked furiously to suppress telegrams detailing the plot, as Alan Travis reports for the Guardian.

The Zimmermann telegram was intercepted by the British and passed along to the Americans. It helped pressure President Wilson to ask Congress for a declaration of war against Germany in 1917. (National Archives Identifier 302025)

The State Department received the telegram on January 17 and delivered it to Bernstorff the following day. He then forwarded it to Heinrich von Eckhardt, the German ambassador to Mexico, on January 19 with instructions to keep its contents secret until further notice. Once decoded, the telegram read:

The Zimmermann telegram is in General Records of the United States, Record Group (RG) 59, National Archives at College Park, MD (NACP). It can also be found in the National Archives online catalog at ; the original decipher of the telegram is at A lesson plan about the Zimmermann telegram is online at www.archives.gov/education/lessons/zimmermann/. The telegram is also included in a list of 100 milestone documents: ff782bc1db

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