G12 Materials Download

A material is a substance or mixture of substances that constitutes an object. Materials can be pure or impure, living or non-living matter. Materials can be classified on the basis of their physical and chemical properties, or on their geological origin or biological function. Materials science is the study of materials, their properties and their applications.

Raw materials can be processed in different ways to influence their properties, by purification, shaping or the introduction of other materials. New materials can be produced from raw materials by synthesis.

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A metamaterial is any material engineered to have a property that is not found in naturally occurring materials, usually by combining several materials to form a composite and / or tuning the shape, geometry, size, orientation and arrangement to achieve the desired property.[4]

In the present review, the effect of porosity on the mechanical properties of the fabricated parts, which are additively manufactured by powder bed fusion and filament extrusion-based technologies, are discussed in detail. Usually, additive manufacturing (AM) processes based on these techniques produce the components with a significant amount of pores. The porosity in these parts typically takes two forms: pores with irregular shapes (called keyholes) and uniform (spherical) pores. These pores are present at different locations, such as surface, sub-surface, interior bulk material, between the deposited layers and at filler/matrix interface, which critically affect the corrosion resistance, fatigue strength, stiffness, mechanical strength, and fracture toughness properties, respectively. Therefore, it is essential to study and understand the influence of pores on the mechanical properties of AM fabricated parts. The technologies of AM can be employed in the manufacturing of components with the desired porous structure through the topology optimization process of scaffolds and lattices to improve their toughness under a specific load. The undesirable effect of pores can be eliminated by using defects-free raw materials, optimizing the processing parameters, and implementing suitable post-processing treatment. The current review grants a more comprehensive understanding of the effect of porous defects on mechanical performance and provides a mechanistic basis for reliable applications of additively manufactured components.

Aluminum and its alloys having lots of advantageous properties are among the most-used metallic materials. So, it is of immense importance to find suitable processes and methods leading to high-quality purified Al melt. In this regard, there are numerous challenges in achieving high purity Al melts, such as its propensity to react with air, oxygen, and water vapor, the presence of a variety of oxide, non-oxide, and solid particle inclusions that lead to the production of pores, cracks, pinholes, and dross, finally adversely influencing the overall quality of the product. The main methods of melt refining are fluxing, floatation, and filtration, but more sophisticated methods have also emerged. The best method for purification can be chosen based on the type of impurities and the desired level of purification. With the industrial development, the need to establish more cost-effective and simpler methods has increased, and in addition, methods should be considered for recycling large volumes of scarp Al parts that contain more impurities. Moreover, achieving high purity melt is also a vital issue for use in specific applications. The present article has been written to discuss the above issues and focus on the study of various methods of aluminum purification.

This study systematically reviews the progress of research on the corrosion inhibition effects of organic compounds on carbon steel since 2002, using the CiteSpace bibliometric tool. Through the analysis of 2,264 articles from the WOS (Web of Science) and Scopus databases, our team delved into aspects such as annual publication volume, authors, institutions, countries and keywords which helped identify the current research focus in this field. In particular, the protective efficacy of organic compounds on carbon steel in acidic environments has been highlighted. It is evident that the integration of coating technology, the development of organic compound derivatives and the extraction of green organic compounds have emerged as new research hotspots in this field. This study not only comprehensively evaluates the means and methods of assessing the corrosion inhibition performance of new organic compounds but also further specifies the main directions for future research in this field. These include composite organic coatings, targeted development of new organic compounds, development and application of green organic compounds from plants and corrosion inhibition mechanisms of organic compounds on other metal materials. This study not only provides a thorough and in-depth review of the history and current status of this field but, more importantly, clarifies specific directions for future research in this area. The aim of this research is to provide strong theoretical support and practical guidance for subsequent researchers, promoting future development of this field.

Leaf Springs find vast applications in different types of mechanical systems. In spite of lot of research, spring steel leaf springs find a lot of applications in all types of heavy vehicle. Weight reduction is one of the present trends in the automotive vehicles and many researchers worked on better materials and design optimization for the same. Composite leaf springs represent some application of composite materials in the field of automotive lightweight materials. This paper is focused to design a natural fibre reinforced hybrid polymer composite mono leaf parabolic spring to replace the existing steel multi-leaf semi-elliptical spring in an attempt of reducing the unsprung mass and investigate its stiffness characteristics by different methods. The spring so designed is analysed for its deflection and hence for its stiffness, by Virtual work method, whose complex integral was solved numerically by Gauss Quadrature. Along with analyzing the stress pattern and making sure the failsafe condition is met, ANSYS is used to construct a model using Solidworks and then use that model to compute the deflection. In the end, three genuine prototypes of the springs were made utilizing match board wooden moulds and the hand lay-up process. These springs were then put through a static load test in a Universal Testing Machine. According to the findings, the spring that is developed to take the place of the present spring will likely have the requisite dynamic and vibration characteristics, and it will also be 83% lighter; as a consequence, it will be suggested as a very excellent replacement. After that, a harmonic disturbance was applied to the springs, and the resulting deflection was analysed. A test rig was built for this specific purpose, and the spring was put under harmonic forcing.

In the present day, inorganic scintillators have been developed to detect high-energy photons such as X-rays and -rays. They have been applied in many works such as astronomy, materials inspection, high energy physics, industrial application, and natural resources exploration. Especially in the medical field, they are used as radiation detectors in diagnostic equipment such as PET scans, X-ray CT scans, SPECT scans, etc. This research studied the scintillation characteristics of Ce:GSO and Ce:LGSO single crystals. We found that at 662 keV gamma-ray energy, Ce:LGSO crystal has about 2.3 times more light yield than Ce:GSO crystal, but the energy resolution of both crystals is not different. For the degree of non-proportionality of both crystals, Ce:LGSO scintillator shows 0.08, which is better than the 0.19 obtained from Ce:GSO scintillator. This work also discusses the two scintillators' peak-to-total ratio, loss parameter, and intrinsic light yield.

Autonomous assembly, reconfiguration and disassembly are observed in living aggregates, but are difficult to replicate in synthetic soft matter. Here mechanically interlocked responsive ribbons form transient viscoelastic solids for the on-demand assembly of functional materials.

Biological tissues are extremely water rich but remain mechanically stiff, behaviour that is difficult to recapitulate in synthetic materials. Here the authors design a hydrogel/sponge hybrid material driven by a self-organized network of cyano-p-aramid nanofibres that combines these properties for biofunctional materials.

M. I. Eremets, V. S. Minkov, A. P. Drozdov and P. P. Kong discuss the substantial progress made in discovering and developing near-room-temperature superconductivity in hydrogen-rich materials. They focus on achieving reproducibility under the challenging experimental conditions of megabar pressures.

The materials modelling community is emerging as a champion for reproducible and reusable science. Aron Walsh discusses how FAIR databases, collaborative codes and transparent workflows are advancing this movement.

The Materials Genome Initiative is a federal multi-agency initiative for discovering, manufacturing, and deploying advanced materials twice as fast and at a fraction of the cost compared to traditional methods. The initiative creates policy, resources, and infrastructure to support U.S. institutions in the adoption of methods for accelerating materials development.

REU Sites: Materials Research The NSF Division of Materials Research (DMR) supports REU Sites that focus on research in materials science and related areas, including condensed matter physics, materials chemistry and physics, and materials engineering. Most DMR-supported Materials Research Science and Engineering Centers (MRSEC) and National Facilities offer REU opportunities each summer as well. REU sites supported by DMR involve research in various aspects of condensed matter physics; solid state chemistry and polymers; materials and condensed matter theory; metals, ceramics, biomaterials, and electronic and photonic materials. See this Google map of DMR-funded REU Sites. 006ab0faaa