APPLY QUALITY STANDARDS

A production process is a method of using economic input or resources, like labor, capital equipment or land, to provide goods and services to consumers. 

Elements of a production decision

An important part of being a manufacturing manager is making big-picture production decisions that impact the efficiency levels of the creation and sales of products.

Whether to move forward with mass production

There may be some products or materials that require closer design or creation to provide unique and personalized features or elements to the product that you may have promised to consumers.

Technology to use

Selecting the right production process can often depend on the type of technology you have available. For instance, if you have a large bulk of the same product orders, you may not be able to follow a clear mass production structure if you don't have the proper technology to track, sort or build these products accordingly.

Input combinations to use

Input combinations are the labor and capital methods that go into manufacturing a product.

Types of production

The different types of production businesses can implement depending on their product and organizational needs include:

Mass production

In mass production, employees continuously produce the same items. Team members are typically split up into different workstations for everyone to use at once. Each workstation typically represents one material or addition to a product. 

Craft production

This is a non-automated process that's usually used on products that need personal care and attention in order to deliver a quality product to the consumer.

Batch production

Organizations typically use batch productions when they need to produce several groups of items.

Job production

When creating lower-demand products, most organizations follow a job production process. This involves building a single item all at once, rather than splitting into groups that work on different parts of the product.

Service production

This process entails automating a certain service to customers. You can provide personalized services offered on machines that allow customers to press buttons to request and receive assistance.

Mass customization

This type of process is a mass production line that creates products unique and customized according to consumers' needs.

The student must relate material properties to product and process quality. These are the factors that must be taken into consideration when choosing the right material for their components and assemblies: 

1. Selection of material

 Material selection is one of the most common tasks for design engineering. The ability to assess the material’s impact on the performance of a product is crucial for reliable performance. Sometimes, buyers are also considering the label or name of the company which are producing great quality of materials and are known in the market. Examples are the name HP for printer and Intel for some computer hardware. 

2. Testing of material 

The testing of material properties is widely understood to be the key to obtaining data for a project, performing failure analysis, or understanding material interactions. Material testing also provides information on the quality of incoming and outgoing products. Inspection test equipment and techniques are demonstrated for a wide range of materials and assemblies during the class. This provides the participants with both knowledge of the common failure modes. 

3. Cost of material 

The cost of material is also considered when buying or selecting materials for a specific project. The amount may vary but never taken for granted the quality and the reliability of the material. Will you buy material which is less expensive but worst quality? Will you buy material which you cannot afford? People look for places which can meet their standards and right cost for materials to buy. 

Characteristic of common materials for increased security is also a great factor in the design and planning process. Evaluation of longevity criteria and assessment of site environmental factors are vital to project planning. 

Specific knowledge about the project and general common sense must dictate design and material selection. Although many materials can offer enhanced protection, often the most cost-efficient and readily available material that provides reasonable life expectancy for the project must be considered 

Before planning and designing takes place, you should evaluate the material options and system requirements. Teachers should add several useful reference manuals to their libraries such as installation of hardware, networking, troubleshooting as well as basic PC Operation and Internet for additional information that the students may used in their projects. 

The characteristic of the materials to be used for specific project must be: 

• of good quality - This is the most important factor when choosing materials to buy. Products with good quality are long-lasting and safe to use because you know that it follows certain standards before being commercialized. 

• reliable - It means that you can be sure that it will perform its function well, will operate safely and will give the best it could give. 

• suitable for the application/purposes - Choose the materials which are very necessary to make the project possible. Making a list of products/materials to buy is a good trait of a wise consumer. Products which are not to be used must be crossed out. 

• low cost - It doesn’t mean that you will choose for the less expensive one and exclude the quality. Low cost means you can afford to buy the materials without hurting your pocket and assure of better quality. 

• The quality procedures are the heart and soul of your quality management system

• These quality procedures ensure that you maintain a quality management system according to the ISO 9001 Standard

• Say what you do, do what you say – One of the most important principles of the ISO 9001 Standard

• The purpose of a working procedure is to explain what is required to be done in order to reach a specified result or objective.

• A procedure must include: purpose of the process, the responsible party, the method, the tools and process outputs

• The purpose of quality procedures is to ensure that the organization performs the minimum requirements of the ISO 9001 Standard

• Quality procedures include: quality manual, procedure for the control of documents, procedure for the control of records, procedure for the performance of internal audits, procedure for the control of nonconformity, and procedure for the for integrating and controlling corrective action and preventive action.

Checking quality of materials or component parts as per manufacturer’s standards 

Component and materials testing methods can include:

• Chemical testing and analysis, including composition analysis, trace contamination detection, metals testing and identification of unknown substances

• Physical properties testing and measurement, such as durability, stability, strength and flammability testing

• Mechanical properties testing, including testing resistance to deformation, fracture and fatigue

• Regulatory testing, for testing compliance with legal standards governing your product type and target market

What is a standard? 

"Standards and specifications are documents that stipulate or recommend 1) minimum levels of performance and quality of goods and services, and 2) optimal conditions and procedures for operations in science, industry, and commerce, including production, evaluation, distribution, and utilization of materials, products, and services. 

Types of standards: 

• Category, type, dimension, structure, equipment, quality, grade, component, performance, durability, or safety  

• Methods of manufacturing, methods of designing, methods of drawing, methods of using, or methods of operation of safety condition of production  

• Methods of testing, analyzing, appraising, verifying, or measuring  

• Terms, abbreviations, symbols, marks, preferred numbers, or units  

• Design, methods of execution, or safety conditions 

What are some points to remember when using standards? 

• Some standards are government-mandated, and others are voluntary. There may be various penalties associated with not adhering to the standard.  

• Standards are updated frequently to keep pace with changing technology -- check to see if the standard you are using is the latest version.  

• Older, superseded versions of standards may be useful in many cases, such as legal disputes concerning the performance of a product that was manufactured when the older standard was in force. The Engineering Library DOES NOT maintain historical or superseded standards. 

What is a specification? 

Specifications are concise statements of requirements for materials, products or services that are to be purchased by an industry or government agency. Specifications are limited to a specific project or government agency. Standards are specifications that are recognized as the most practical and appropriate current solution, that is agreed upon by a recognized authority, for a recurring problem. 

Employer or Employer Representative at the Workplace 

The employer (in an industrial establishment) or the constructor (on a construction project), has very important responsibilities for the workplace. This responsibility cannot be delegated or conferred to another party by a similar process. In the case of students who are not paid, ideally the employer should: 

• be aware that the student will be in the workplace and know what type of work they will be undertaking  

• ensure that the student is protected by job-appropriate safeguards  

• ensure that appropriate personal protective equipment is identified and used In small workplaces, the employer may also be the supervisor and will have to be present for the placement assessment. In larger workplaces, the employer may ask another company representative or the supervisor towork with you through this process. 

A. MATERIALS

• Wires - a slender, string - like piece or filament of relatively rigid or flexible metal,  usually  circular  in  section,  manufactured  in  a great  variety  of diameters and metals depending on its application.

• Conductor – is a wire suitable for carrying an electric current.

• Cable – is  either  a  stranded  conductor  (single - conductor  cable)  or  a combination   of   conductors   insulated   from   one   another (multiple -conductor cable).

Basic Constructions

Wire and cable consist of four identified basic constructions: 

1. Single Conductor – only one conductor, either bare or insulated.

2. Multiple conductors – consists of multiple insulated wires

3. Twisted Pairs – Two insulated wires usually twisted together

4. Coaxial cable - insulated center conductor with a shield and jacket overall

2 variations of conductors: 

1. Solid wire – it offers slightly lower resistance with better performance at high frequencies.

2. Stranded wire – it offers greater flexibility and is used when higher resistance to metal fatigue is required.

B. COMPONENTS

• Resistors are the most common electronic components and the easiest to be identified with. It is a device that limits or resists current in a circuit. It comes with different materials but the most common is carbon composition. The resistor can resist, which is called “Resistance” and it is measured in ohms, represented by the Greek symbol Omega (Ω).

CAPACITOR is  a  device  that  stores  electrons and is made up of two conductors separated by an insulator or dielectric. This storing ability of capacitor is called Capacitance and is measured in Farads.

SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE is composed of two electrodes, the anode (positive) and the cathode (negative). 

This electronic component is mainly used because of its ability to make electric current   flow   only   in   one   direction (from anode to cathode) after   forward - biasing  the  aforementioned  “p - n junction” with the positive electric voltage.

INTEGRATED  CIRCUIT - or  IC,  is a small  chip  that  can  function  as  an amplifier, oscillator, timer, microprocessor, or even computer memory. An IC is  a  small  wafer,  usually  made  of  silicon,  that  can hold  anywhere  from hundreds to millions of transistors, resistors, and capacitors.

Transistor is  a  semiconductor  device  used  to  amplify  or  switch electronic signals  and  electrical  power.  It  is  composed  of  semiconductor  material usually with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit.

FOLLOW INSTRUCTIONS

 Follow instructions. This sounds easy enough. It isn't. For some people, it's the key to most of their academic problems. They read or hear one set of instructions, but their teacher has given different instructions. 

Some students deliberately ignore instructions. They "wing it." They think they can scrape by, doing any old thing they choose. They're wrong. But they refuse to change. 

It doesn't matter how good a job you do if you do the wrong job. You're going to get a bad grade. 

Doing a job well begins with understanding exactly what the job is. 

Start paying attention to instructions. That's where to begin your program of self-improvement. 

Effective management checks are an important means of providing assurance of the integrity and security of the benefit processes. They are also useful in identifying training needs; indicating possible weaknesses in procedure and ensuring the section meets its accuracy target set for Best Value Performance Indicators purposes. 

Methodology 

The teacher will be the assessor. Students will be randomly assigned that will: 

1.) act as Quality Checker; 

2.) responsible for monitoring and coordinating the checking arrangements and; 

3.) must generate reports when receiving the equipments. 

The Quality checker will record the date of receipt, name of the materials purchased, quantity, official receipt number, signature of the person who bought the materials and signed his name afterwards. The Quality checker will identify if the materials are in good condition or damage and /or needing for replacements. This will also be recorded on his report. 

Feedback 

Once the Quality checker has completed all the reports, the assessor will check if the Quality Checker provides all the data needed in the report. 

These are the things to be considered when:

A. Receiving Materials: 

1. Match the packing slip to the items received and ensures that the materials are destined on tour department. 

2. That you are receiving the materials indicated on the purchase order with regard to quantity and discount. 

3. That the materials are in acceptable condition. 

4. That terms regarding installation and/or set-up of equipment are met. 

B. Receiving Reports 

Whenever goods are received: 

1. The person receiving the goods must document, using the administrative software, that all goods were received for each requisition before any payment can be made to the vendor. 

2. Any exceptions must be noted so that partial payments can be processed or defective goods can be returned. 

C. Return of Merchandise 

When merchandise is received which is incomplete or defective, the supervisor will return the materials to the supplier or to the store where it was bought and make arrangements with the vendor for replacement. 

D. Make an Inventory Report of the Materials 

All materials received must be listed and be reported to monitor how many materials are already on hand, purchased or damaged. 

A management system  should include  areas of  importance for  securing the  effective implementation of specific activities. These include an organization structure that facilitates task implementation, people taking ownership of the decisions they make and the tasks  they  perform,  and proper  planning of  actions, goals and  resources.

Occupational safety  management  standards based  on ISO 45001 requirements

ISO 45001 should be seen as support in integrating an operational control system. The operational  parameters  of  processes,  including  those  of  the  environment  in  which  the processes are performed, require adequate monitoring. Such monitoring is crucial for  averting  the  risks  that  arise in  the  course  of  process  implementation  affecting  the achievement of intended and desired effects.

An organization that establishes an ISO 45001 compliant management system should be

able to: 

• Adopt effective work safety management principles tailored to the specific nature of the organization’s  operations,  in  keeping  with  the  PDCA  model,  consistently  with  the improvement principles applied in other areas of the company’s management, 

• Define any processes that play a role in reducing work strain, taking into account their context and operating risks as well as any applicable legal requirements, 

• Identify any threats and assess any risks that compromise the organization’s ability to perform tasks, 

• Raise worker awareness of hazards and  improve the organization’s  ability to  describe hazards based on risk assessment, 

• Assess the effectiveness of the measures taken to improve occupational safety, prevent injuries and protect people’s health, 

• Develop an occupational safety and health protection culture across the organization, 

• Promote health education, with training recognized as essential for continuous improvement and for the effectiveness of improvement measures, 

• Provide employees with opportunities to actively contribute to the promotion of safety at work.

The outcomes of the measures taken should be viewed as worker health improvements achieved by way of systemic occupational health and safety management. To enjoy such benefits, organizations need to ensure that both their workers and management engage in promoting occupational safety.

Production safety requirements 

ISO  45001 relates  to managing  occupational  safety. The  improvements sought  through compliance with systemic requirements allow companies to take effective measures to meet the needs of all stakeholders, including those in their external environment. This contributes to making  the measures  more effective,  mainly as  a result of  the skills acquired and  the ability to  anticipate changes,  prepare the  organization for  their occurrence  and ensure  it responds appropriately.  This allows  organizations to  maintain growth  and improve  their capacity to carry out production tasks.

What is Documentation?

Documentation includes any kind of record-keeping about an office environment or its employees. There are many types of documentation and formats for those types, but in its most basic form, documentation is simply taking records about things that happen in an office. 

Documentation can be kept physically or digitally; you just need to make sure everything is well-organized. It’s possible to keep accurate physical records with files on employees and events in the workplace, as long as they’re protected and secure. 

WHY IS DOCUMENTATION IMPORTANT?

Just like you want to have accurate records of things like your financial accounts or tax records, keeping documentation in a workplace is a great reference for future use. Sometimes you need documentation to refer back to when there’s an issue with an employee or the government asks to see your records.

There are three big benefits to documenting things that happen in the workplace. No matter what kinds of records you keep, you can benefit from them in these ways. 

• Show employees respect. When you document things at work, you’re showing employees and outsiders that you take these things seriously and you’re a professional business. It shows employees that you respect their work and you document everything fairly, both the good and the bad. 

• Create standardized processes. Documenting processes requires a level of standardization and organization, so by recording company practices, you’re creating a repeatable process.  

• Boost profitability. When you take the time to keep thorough records, it can help you save time and money in the long run. 

FORMAL VS. INFORMAL DOCUMENTATION

You might not realize it, but things like meeting notes, emails, and interoffice communication, or manager’s notes on employee performance count as documentation; they can just be considered informal documentation. Formal documentation, on the other hand, is all about standardized record keeping. Things like employee reviews, manager reviews, or other standardized documents count as formal documents.

We’re going to give you a few tips to help you make sure you’re keeping accurate and proper documentation: 

• Document employee files. It’s important to keep certain documents on hand for all employees, like resumes, job applications, employment eligibility, disciplinary reports, performance reports, leave of absence letters, and emergency contacts. 

• Provide performance expectations. Often HR departments will need to document any issues with employee performance, but a key part of this is providing the performance expectations in the first place. 

• Contextualize events. One of the best things you can do when creating documents is to contextualize what you’re documenting. 

• Don’t discriminate. This should be obvious, but it’s always good to be reminded to leave discriminatory statements out of records. 

• Document after an employee leaves. Even if an employee leaves your company, you should keep their records on hand and document their exit. 

• Aim for consistency. It can be hard to make every report the same, but try to be as consistent as possible. That includes things like facts you choose to include, the language you use, and how you talk about the employees in question. 

• Keep reports factual. Sometimes coworker or manager complaints, negative employee reviews, or other reports come up, and you need to document them. 

• Create plans. If you talk to an employee about performance, you should have a plan to help them improve in place. 

• Stay honest. In a role like this, where you’re responsible for documenting workplace events, it’s important that you stay honest and unbiased. 

• Reread your records. Before submitting a formal document, take a moment to reread it and make sure you followed the appropriate format, used clear language, and followed these tips. 

USES OF DOCUMENTATION

Since there are many types of documentation, like formal and informal, there are lots of different ways official records can be used. Knowing the purpose of the document you’re writing can help you contextualize it and include all of the relevant information.

• Record of employee performance

• Record of disciplinary actions taken

• Document company policies

• Document company procedures

• Document work instructions

• Records for HR use

1. List and prioritize improvement opportunities.

2. Define the improvement objectives.

3. Define the requirements. 

4. Collect and organize data. 

5. Select the root cause. 

6. Generate potential solutions. 

7. Select the best solution.

8. Implement the solution and evaluate the result.

9. Continue to track. 

ISO 14001 and ISO 45001 Standards

We have developed and implemented an overall Environmental and Occupational Safety Management System (EMS) utilizing guidelines contained within the ISO 14001 and ISO 45001 standards.

ISO 14001

This standard helps organizations minimize their environmental impact and comply with applicable laws, regulations and other environmentally-oriented requirements. The standard also ensures continuous improvement of the university’s overall environmental program.

In August 2002, EH&S became certified to the ISO 14001 standard and was the second academic health and safety program in the US to achieve this distinction. In 2015, the standard was completely revised and EH&S was certified to the new standards.

ISO 45001

In 2018, the International Standards Organization (ISO) established a new standard for Occupational Health and Safety. EH&S adopted the new standard in 2018 and is registered to the standard. 

For additional information about our Environmental and Occupational Safety Management System, please contact the Environmental Health and Safety Office at 803-777-5269.

Reference:

• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326715134_Safety_in_ensuring_the_quality_of_production_-_the_role_and_tasks_of_standards_requirements

• https://www.zippia.com/advice/documentation-in-the-workplace/

• https://studylib.net/doc/25745405/q1-epas-9-mod-1-wk-1--1-

• https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/production-process

• http://9001quality.com/quality-procedures-iso-9001-standard/ 

• https://www.intouch-quality.com/blog/dont-neglect-incoming-quality-control-parts-materials

• https://sc.edu/about/offices_and_divisions/ehs/about/14001_45001/index.php