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BASIC PARTS OF A CAR AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
BASIC PARTS OF A CAR AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
The Basics
The Basics
There are many things to cover when it comes to different parts of a car and what they do, but starting with the basics is key. Having a foundational knowledge of the major components and car functions in your vehicle will serve you well in the long run.
Chassis
Chassis is a French term and was initially used to denote the frame or main structure of a vehicle. The chassis (Fig. 3.1) contains all the major units necessary to propel the vehicle, guide its motion, stop it and allow it to run smoothly over uneven surfaces. It is the main mounting for all the components including the body. It is also known as the carrying unit. The chassis includes the following major components. (i) A steel frame, which is a major part. (ii) In the case of a passenger car, the whole body is also an integral part of the chassis. However, in commercial vehicles like trucks and buses, the body is not a part of the chassis. Therefore, a chassis is almost a complete vehicle except for the body and other accessories, which are not involved in the movement of the vehicle.
Engine
Engine
It makes sense to start with the most important part under the hood of a vehicle, which is the engine. Most modern vehicles run on internal combustion engines, which generate energy by igniting a mixture of air and fuel that moves pistons, which in turn move the car.
There are also electric motors, which store energy in rechargeable batteries. Vehicles with electric engines accelerate faster than those with fuel-powered engines. Whether your car has a traditional or electric engine, it can’t run without it!
Battery
Battery
Your car’s battery has several important jobs, including providing your vehicle with power to start when you turn on the ignition. Batteries also ensure that other electrical components in your car work properly.
A dead battery can cause you to be stranded waiting for a jump-start. It’s good to get your battery looked at when you notice things like a clicking sound while turning the key or dimming headlights.
Alternator
Alternator
The alternator is responsible for generating electricity. It keeps your battery charged by converting mechanical energy into electrical energy while the car is operating. By continuously charging the battery and keeping the battery charged throughout every trip, it keeps the car and all of the electrical components working correctly.
Signs of a failing or worn alternator are similar to those of a dying battery, including headlight dimming and difficulty starting. Ignoring alternator problems can cause battery issues, which in turn could leave you stranded.
Brakes
Brakes
The brakes on your car are used to help slow down and stop your vehicle, as well as keep it in place when parked. Most cars feature either a disc or drum brake system.
Parts in a disc brake system include calipers, rotors and pads. Drum brake systems are comprised of brake drums and shoes. All of these parts have the potential to wear down over time, and any changes to how your brakes sound or feel should lead you to get them checked.
Radiator
Radiator
Your car’s engine creates a lot of heat when it’s running, so it makes sense that there would be a cooling system to help manage it. The radiator is one of the major components of this system. It works to remove heat via liquid coolant before it circulates back to your engine.
The radiator ensures your engine doesn’t overheat, increasing performance and longevity. You can help maintain your radiator by checking coolant levels at least twice a year.
Transmission
Transmission
The transmission, otherwise known as the car’s gearbox, is what takes the engine’s power and transfers it to the wheels through various components. Without it, you would simply go nowhere!
Manual transmissions are controlled by the driver using a gear lever or shifter inside the vehicle, while automatics do not require any driver input to change gears. Whether it’s a manual or an automatic, there’s a lot going on inside a transmission!
Changing the transmission fluid at the manufacturer’s recommended intervals will help you maintain this important component and prevent it from wearing out.
Shock Absorbers
Shock Absorbers
The suspension system in your car helps stabilize it while you drive. This way, you get a smooth ride and you’re not bouncing around every time you hit a bump or dip. There are many parts that make up the suspension, and shock absorbers play an important role in this system.
The shock absorbers’ main function is to ensure your tires are contacting the road at all times. This allows you to drive the vehicle safely and efficiently. They also help the brakes do their job by always keeping the tires in contact with the road surface. Worn shocks can result in vibrations when you’re driving and uneven tire wear, among other issues.
Catalytic Converter
Catalytic Converter
When your car is running, it generates fumes and gases called emissions. To help regulate emissions and remove them from your car efficiently, there is an exhaust system hard at work. One of the main components in this system is the catalytic converter.
The catalytic converter helps change harmful compounds in emissions into safe gases before they’re released into the air through your tailpipe. Issues with the catalytic converter can cause a drop in performance and fuel efficiency.
Motorcycle components
Motorcycle components
Motorcycle components and systems for a motorcycle are engineered, manufactured, and assembled in order to produce motorcycle models with the desired performance, aesthetics, and cost. The key components of modern motorcycles are presented below.
Chassis
Chassis
The chassis of a motorcycle includes the frame and suspension, along with the front forks, of the vehicle
Frame
Frame
Main article: Motorcycle frame is typically made from welded aluminum or steel (or alloy) struts, with the rear suspension being an integral component in the design. Carbon fiber, titanium, and magnesium are used in a few very expensive custom frames.
The frame includes the head tube that holds the front fork and allows it to pivot. Some motorcycles include the engine as a load-bearing stressed member; this has been used all through motorcycle history but is now becoming more common.
Oil-in-frame (Of) chassis, where the lubricating oil is stored in the frame of the motorcycle, was used for Vincent Motorcycles of the 1950s, and a while during the 1970s on some NVT British motorcycles. It was widely unpopular and generally regarded as a bad idea at the time. Today it is used on some "thumpers" (single-cylinder four-strokes) that usually have dry-sump lubrication requiring an external oil tank. It has since gained some cachet in the modern custom bike world too because of the space savings it can afford and the reference to an earlier era.[2]
Buell motorcycles employed a similar design with the oil held in the swingarm and fuel held in the frame.
Suspension
Suspension
Modern designs have the two wheels of a motorcycle connected to the chassis by a suspension arrangement, however, 'chopper' style motorcycles often elect to forgo rear suspension, using a rigid frame.
The front suspension is usually built into the front fork and may consist of telescoping tubes called fork tubes which contain the suspension inside or some multi-bar linkage that incorporates the suspension externally. There is another type of front suspension system which is the Earles type which is highly used in off-road motorcycles.[3]
The rear suspension supports the swingarm, which is attached via the swingarm pivot bolt to the frame and holds the axle of the rear wheel. The rear suspension can consist of several shock arrangements:
Dual shocks, which are placed at the far ends of the swingarm
Traditional mono-shock, which is placed at the front of the swingarm, above the swingarm pivot bolt
Softail style suspension, where the shock absorbers are mounted horizontally in front of the swingarm, below the swingarm pivot bolt, and operate in extension.
Fuel tank
Fuel tank
A fuel tank (also called a petrol tank or gas tank) is a safe container for flammable fluids. Though any storage tank for fuel may be so called, the term is typically applied to part of an engine system in which the fuel is stored and propelled (fuel pump) or released (pressurized gas) into an engine.
A fuel tank (also called a petrol tank or gas tank) is a safe container for flammable fluids. Though any storage tank for fuel may be so called, the term is typically applied to part of an engine system in which the fuel is stored and propelled (fuel pump) or released (pressurized gas) into an engine.
Front fork
Front fork
A motorcycle fork is the portion of a motorcycle that holds the front wheel and allows one to steer. For handling, the front fork is the most critical part of a motorcycle. The combination of rake and trail determines how stable the motorcycle is.
The 'fork' on a motorcycle consists of multiple components. The triple trees (also known as yokes) hold the fork tubes (which contain the fork springs), and are fastened to the neck of the frame by the steering stem. At the bottom of the fork tubes are the lower legs, often referred to as sliders. The sliders house the dampening assemblies, which vary based on the brand and type of fork. The front axle is located perpendicular and engages the sliders.[4] The handlebars are clamped to the top triple tree and allow the rider to steer the motorcycle.
Engine
Engines with more cylinders for the same displacement feel smoother to ride. Engines with fewer cylinders are cheaper, lighter, and easier to maintain. Liquid-cooled motorcycles have a radiator which is the primary way their heat is dispersed. Coolant or oil is constantly circulated between this radiator and the cylinder when the engine is running. Air-cooled motorcycles rely on air blowing past fins on the engine case to disperse heat. Liquid-cooled motorcycles have the potential for greater power at a given displacement, tighter tolerances, and longer operating life, whereas air-cooled motorcycles are potentially cheaper to purchase, less mechanically complex, and lighter.
An air-cooled engine contracts and expands with its wider temperature range, requiring looser tolerances, and giving shorter engine life. The temperature range of an air-cooled two-stroke is even more extreme and component life even shorter than in an air-cooled four-stroke.
As applied to motorcycles, two-stroke engines have some advantages over equivalent four-stroke engines: they are lighter, mechanically much simpler, and produce more power when operating at their best. But four-stroke engines are cleaner, more reliable, and deliver power over a much broader range of engine speeds. In developed countries, two-stroke road bikes are rare, because—in addition to the reasons above—modifying them to meet contemporary emissions standards is prohibitively expensive. Almost all modern two-strokes are single-cylinder, liquid-cooled, and under 600 cc
Transmission
Most motorcycles have a sequential manual transmission shifted by a foot lever. Some (mostly smaller) motorcycles, and many scooters use either a continuously variable transmission, or a hydraulic automatic transmission. semi-automatic transmissions are also in use; where the driver's input is still required for shifting gears, but the clutch system is controlled and operated automatically. These systems are mostly found on smaller dirt bikes (e.g., minibikes; such as pit bikes), underbones, many older mopeds and scooters, and various other types of motorcycles.
Engine power can be engaged or interrupted through the clutch, typically an arrangement of plates stacked in alternating fashion, one geared on the inside to the engine and the next geared on the outside to the transmission input shaft.
Final drive
Power transfer from the gearbox to the rear wheel is accomplished by different methods.
Chain-drive uses sprockets and a roller chain, which requires both lubrication and adjustment for elongation (stretch) that occurs through wear. The lubricant is subject to being thrown off the fast-moving chain and results in grime and dirt build-up. Chains do deteriorate, and excessive wear on the front and rear sprockets can be dangerous. In a chain-drive, the power is transmitted into the rear wheel via a cush drive. Conventional roller chain-drives suffer the potential for vibration, as the effective radius of action in a chain and sprocket combination constantly changes during the revolution ("chordal action"). If a drive sprocket rotates at constant RPM, then the chain (and the driven sprocket) must accelerate and decelerate constantly. Most chain-driven motorcycles are fitted with a rubber bushed rear wheel hub to eliminate this vibration issue. Belt-drive and shaft-drive are also used.
Chain lubrication
Chain lubrication
Small budget motorcycles may have an enclosed drive chain, but this is rare on larger motorcycles, an exception being the Norton rotary bikes. To prevent rapid wear of the chain and sprockets, it is customary to apply a greasy chain lube via an aerosol. Many riders also fit aftermarket chain oilers to feed a regular supply of oil to the chain at the rear sprocket.[8] These chain oilers vary in sophistication, but all add significantly to the life of the chain. The custom of lubing by immersing the chain in a tin of hot grease ceased in the early 1970s, once most chains had rubber "O'-rings. The original Suzuki RE5 of 1975 came with a rear chain oiler, but the 1976 model had a sealed chain, and its oiler was deleted as "unnecessary".
A belt drive is still subject to stretch but operates very quietly, cleanly, and efficiently. A toothed belt is frequently used. However, they are not as durable when subjected to high horsepower as a chain. You can not alter the length and change final drive ratios as easily as chains. They also can not wrap as closely around chains. And require larger pulleys compared to chain sprockets to get an effective final drive ratio. Replacing a drive belt typically requires the removal of the swingarm, since belts cannot be split the way a chain with a master link can.
A shaft drive is usually completely enclosed; the visual cue is a tube extending from the rear of the transmission to a bell housing on the rear wheel. Inside the bell housing a bevel gear on the shaft mates with another on the wheel mount. This arrangement is superior in terms of noise and cleanliness and is virtually maintenance-free, except for occasional fluid changes. They are the most durable and usually last the life of the motorcycle. However, the additional gear sets are a source of power loss and added weight. A shaft-equipped motorcycle may also be susceptible to the shaft effect.
Virtually all high-performance racing motorcycles use chain-drive because they are the most mechanically efficient in transmitting power to the rear wheel.
Wheels
wheel rims are usually steel or aluminum (generally with steel spokes and an aluminum hub) or mag-type cast or machined aluminum. Cast magnesium disks, produced by one-step hot forging from magnesium alloys ZK60 and MA-14, are also used for many motorcycle wheels.
At one time, motorcycles used wire wheels built up from separate components, but, except for dirtbikes, one-piece wheels are more common now. Performance racing motorcycles often use carbon fiber wheels, but the expense of these wheels is prohibitively high for general usage.
Tires
Motorcycles mainly use pneumatic tires. However, in some cases where punctures are common, the tires are filled with a tire mousse which is unpuncturable. Both types of tires come in many configurations. The most important characteristic of any tire is the contact patch, the small area that is in contact with the road surface while riding. There are tires designed for dirt bikes, touring, sports, and cruiser bikes.
Dirt bike tires have knobby, deep treads for maximum grip on loose dirt, mud, or gravel; such tires tend to be less stable and noisier on paved surfaces.
Sport or performance tires are designed to provide maximum grip for street use on paved surfaces but tend to wear faster.
Touring tires are usually made of a harder rubber compound for greater durability, these may last longer but tend to provide less outright grip compared to sports tires at optimal operating temperatures. Touring tires typically offer more grip at lower temperatures and can be more suited to riding in cold or winter conditions where a sports tire may never reach its optimal operating temperature.
Cruiser and sport touring tires are designed to compromise grip and durability. These tend to have stronger sidewalls as they are typically fitted to heavier machines.
Motorsport or racing tires offer the highest levels of grip. Due to the high temperatures at which these tires typically operate, use outside a racing environment is unsafe, typically these tires do not reach their optimum temperature which provides less than optimal grip. In racing situations, tires are normally brought up to temperature in advance based on application and conditions through the use of tire warmers.
Brakes (disc/drum)
Front brakes are generally much more effective than rear brakes: roughly two-thirds of stopping power comes from the front brake—mainly as a result of weight transfer being much more pronounced compared to longer or lower vehicles, because of the motorcycle's short wheelbase relative to its center of mass height. This can result in brake dive.
Brakes can either be drum or disc-based, with disc brakes being more common on large, modern, or more expensive motorcycles for their far superior stopping power, particularly in wet conditions. There are many brake-performance-enhancing aftermarket parts available for most motorcycles, including brake pads of varying compounds and steel-braided brake lines.
Instruments
Most road motorcycles have an instrument panel, usually consisting of a speedometer, odometer, and tachometer.
Fuel gauges are becoming more common, but traditionally a reserve tank arrangement is used with a petcock (petrol tap) on the side of the motorcycle allowing the rider to switch to a reserve fuel supply when the main fuel supply is exhausted. There is not a separate reserve tank: The intake for the petcock has two pipes, one extending higher into the fuel tank than the other. When fuel no longer covers the longer pipe the engine will lose power/splutter and the rider switches the petcock to the "reserve" setting, which accesses the shorter pipe. Riders whose bikes lack a fuel gauge (most machines before the past few years) usually learn how far they can go with a full tank of fuel, and then use a trip meter if available to judge when they must refill the tank.
1. Speedometer-This shows the speed the vehicle is traveling in miles per hour and kilometers per hour.
2. Mileometer (Odometer)-This is usually situated within the speedometer. It records the total distance the bike has been ridden since manufacture.
3. Trip meter-Also usually housed within the speedometer. It may be set to zero to record the distance on each trip.
4. Ignition lamp this light comes on when you switch on the ignition. It should go out when the engine is running. If it doesn’t this shows a problem with the battery charging system.
5. Neutral lamp this light glows to tell you that the gear selector is in the neutral position.
6. Rev counter (Tachometer)-This shows the engine speed in revolutions per minute (r.p.m.)
7. Indicator repeater-This tells you that your indicators are in use. Use it to check if you’ve canceled a signal.
8. High beam lamp indicates when your headlamp is on a high beam.
9. Oil pressure lamp this light warns you of low oil pressure. If it comes on when the engine is running you may have a serious problem. Stop the engine immediately and investigate the cause.
Lighting system
The lighting system consists of a Headlight, Tail light, and turn indicator lights.
Ignition key switch
Ignition key switch
An ignition switch, starter switch, or start switch is a key switch in the control system of a motor vehicle that activates the main electrical systems of the vehicle. In vehicles powered by internal combustion engines, the switch provides power to the starter solenoid and the ignition system components (including the engine control unit and ignition coil) and is frequently combined with the starter switch which activates the starter motor.
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"Basic Motorcycle Systems". motorcyclist lifestyle. 19 May 2017.
"Harley-Davidson Forks Types and How to Identify Them – Lowbrow Customs".
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Earth Talk (1 July 2007). "How Much Pollution do Motorcycles Generate?". Environment, Health News Digest. Retrieved 2007-07-02.
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