I'm a noob to linux kernel programming and thought I'd be able to find the answer for this (since it seems really simple) but haven't had any luck yet. I need to make a linux kernel module that prints the version number of the kernel. The assignment requires that implement a module which displays this kind of message when loaded:
It would be helpful to me in future to have the ability to identify the version of the kernel that these modules have been built against. I can find no information online about this so I am starting to think that perhaps it is not possible.
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I'm new to programming Linux kernel modules, and many getting started guides on the topic include little information about how to build a kernel module which will run on many versions and CPU platforms of Linux. Most of the guides I've seen simply state things like, "Linux doesn't ensure any ABI/API compatibility between versions." However, other OSes do provide these guarantees for major versions, and the guides are mostly targeting 2.7 (which is a bit old now).
Needed to make the initialization function print a Hello message, and the clean up function to print a Bye message. The initialization message should print when I add the kernel module to the list of modules (working on a Debian VM) using insmod, and the cleanup message should print when I remove the module using rmmod.
Statically built drivers may be exactly what you want in a system that is statically scoped, such as an embedded system. That is to say, if you know in advance exactly which drivers will always be needed and that this will never change, you have a good reason not to bother with dynamic kernel modules.
If you build your kernel statically and disable Linux's dynamic module loading feature, you prevent run-time modification of the kernel code. This provides additional security and stability at the expense of flexibility.
Not all kernel modules are drivers. For example, a relatively recent feature in the Linux kernel is that you can load a different process scheduler. Another example is that the more complex types of hardware often have multiple generic layers that sit between the low-level hardware driver and userland, such as the USB HID driver, which implements a particular element of the USB stack, independent of the underlying hardware.
To answer your specific question about the lspci output, the "kernel driver" line refers to which driver is currently bound to the card, in this case the proprietary nvidia driver. The "kernel modules" line lists all of the drivers known to be capable of binding to this card. Here, the proprietary driver shows up it a different name, probably due to how lspci found the driver and its filename versus the name coded into the driver itself.
Using QEMU or other emulators however, we can construct software models of real or simplified hardware, which is a great way to learn how to talk to hardware. Here is a simple example of a minimal PCI device driver: -kernel-module-cheat/blob/6788a577c394a2fc512d8f3df0806d84dc09f355/kernel_module/pci.c
My answer will go with Jim. A kernel driver is a program (kernel module) that is designed to drive a piece of hardware. The lspci output says nvidia is the kernel driver as it is the loaded module for the device. Along with it comes other available kernel modules available.
A: The following table lists the Linux kernel versions against which thegiven versions of the Open vSwitch kernel module will successfully build.The Linux kernel versions are upstream kernel versions, so Linux kernelsmodified from the upstream sources may not build in some cases even if theyare based on a supported version. This is most notably true of Red HatEnterprise Linux (RHEL) kernels, which are extensively modified fromupstream.
Building the Linux kernel module from the Open vSwitch source tree wasdeprecated starting with Open vSwitch 2.15. And the kernel modulesource code was completely removed from the Open vSwitch source tree in3.0 release.
The datapath implemented by the kernel module shipped with Linuxupstream. Since features have been gradually introduced into the kernel,the table mentions the first Linux release whose OVS module supports thefeature.
The datapath implemented by the Linux kernel module distributed withthe OVS source tree. This datapath is deprecated starting with OVS2.15.x and support capped at Linux kernel version 5.8. As of OVS 3.0.xthe Linux OVS tree is no longer supported.
All versions of Open vSwitch userspace are compatible with all versions ofthe Open vSwitch kernel module, so you do not have to use the kernel modulefrom one source along with the userspace programs from the same source.
A: The kernel module in upstream Linux does not include support for LISP.Work is in progress to add support for LISP to the upstream Linux versionof the Open vSwitch kernel module. For now, if you need this feature, usethe kernel module from the Open vSwitch distribution instead of theupstream Linux kernel module.
Certain features require kernel support to function or to have reasonableperformance. If the ovs-vswitchd log file indicates that a feature is notsupported, consider upgrading to a newer upstream Linux release or usingthe kernel module paired with the userspace distribution.
A: Support for tunnels was added to the upstream Linux kernel module afterthe rest of Open vSwitch. As a result, some kernels may contain support forOpen vSwitch but not tunnels. The minimum kernel version that supports eachtunnel protocol is:
If you are using a version of the kernel that is older than the one listedabove, it is still possible to use that tunnel protocol. However, you mustcompile and install the kernel module included with the Open vSwitchdistribution rather than the one on your machine. If problems persist afterdoing this, check to make sure that the module that is loaded is the oneyou expect.
A: Generating outer UDP checksums requires kernel support that was not partof the initial implementation of these protocols. If using the upstreamLinux Open vSwitch module, you must use kernel 4.0 or newer. Theout-of-tree modules from Open vSwitch release 2.4 and later support UDPchecksums.
To use bridge compatibility, install OVS 1.9 or earlier, including theaccompanying kernel modules (both the main and bridge compatibilitymodules), following the instructions that come with the release. Be sureto start the ovs-brcompatd daemon.
I'd like to be able to use the usbip client inside a docker container, and for that I believe the vhci-hcd kernel module needs to exist on the host. Here is the message I received when trying to run modprobe vhci-hcd in a container (homeassistant):
I'm running into the same issue, and trying to find workarounds without having to build a custom kernel. It's supposedly supposed to be built into the linux kernel by now, with binaries provided for different distros.
The usbip-host kernel module is not included within 6.9.0-rc2 but I can supply a version if required but it is Kernel specific, and will only work on 6.9.0-rc2. PM me about the module if you want to try it out.
A monolithic kernel, though faster than a microkernel, has the disadvantage oflack of modularity and extensibility. On modern monolithic kernels, this hasbeen solved by using kernel modules. A kernel module (or loadable kernel mode)is an object file that contains code that can extend the kernel functionalityat runtime (it is loaded as needed); When a kernel module is no longer needed,it can be unloaded. Most of the device drivers are used in the form of kernelmodules.
Compiling a kernel module differs from compiling an user program. First, otherheaders should be used. Also, the module should not be linked to libraries.And, last but not least, the module must be compiled with the same options asthe kernel in which we load the module. For these reasons, there is a standardcompilation method (kbuild). This method requires the use of two files:a Makefile and a Kbuild file.
As you can see, calling make on the Makefile file in theexample shown will result in the make invocation in the kernelsource directory (/lib/modules/`uname -r`/build) and referring to thecurrent directory (M = `pwd`). This process ultimately leads to readingthe Kbuild file from the current directory and compiling the moduleas instructed in this file.
A Kbuild file contains one or more directives for compiling a kernelmodule. The easiest example of such a directive is obj-m =module.o. Following this directive, a kernel module (ko - kernelobject) will be created, starting from the module.o file. module.o willbe created starting from module.c or module.S. All of these files canbe found in the Kbuild's directory.
To load a kernel module, use the insmod utility. This utilityreceives as a parameter the path to the *.ko file in which the modulewas compiled and linked. Unloading the module from the kernel is done usingthe rmmod command, which receives the module name as a parameter.
When loading the kernel module, the routine specified as a parameter of themodule_init macro will be executed. Similarly, when the module is unloadedthe routine specified as a parameter of the module_exit will be executed.
Troubleshooting a kernel module is much more complicated than debugging aregular program. First, a mistake in a kernel module can lead to blocking theentire system. Troubleshooting is therefore much slowed down. To avoid reboot,it is recommended to use a virtual machine (qemu, virtualbox, vmware).
When a module containing bugs is inserted into the kernel, it will eventuallygenerate a kernel oops.A kernel oops is an invalid operation detected by the kernel and can onlybe generated by the kernel. For a stable kernel version, it almost certainlymeans that the module contains a bug. After the oops appears, the kernel willcontinue to work. be457b7860
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