An infographic visualizing the Drinking Water Distribution System Recovery Plan at Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam (JBPHH). The JBPHH water quality recovery is a joint U.S. military initiative working closely with the State of Hawaii, Department of Health, Honolulu Board of Water Supply, U.S. government and independent organizations to restore a safe water delivery system to JBPHH military housing communities through testing, treatment, and repair. For detailed information, including available resources and locations, and news, go to www.navy.mil/jointbasewater. (U.S. Navy infographic by Mass Communication Specialist 2nd William McCann)
EPA's infographic regarding lead in drinking water. Learn basic information about sources of lead in drinking water, suggestions for reducing exposure and information about replacing lead service lines.
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Paso Severino reservoir, the larger of the two reservoirs, was estimated to hold just 2.4 percent of its 67-million-cubic-meter capacity on June 28. Increasingly salty water poured from household taps, and the government implemented emergency actions to provide citizens with drinking water.
The image on the right, acquired by the Operational Land Imager-2 (OLI) on Landsat 9, shows the reservoir on June 13, 2023, approximately one week before the Uruguayan government declared a water crisis. The image on the left shows the reservoir about one year earlier, on June 2, 2022. This image was acquired by the OLI on Landsat 8.
The images are false color to make it easier to distinguish the water, which in 2023 saw the largest decrease in volume in its history. With this band combination (6-5-3), water appears dark blue and vegetation appears light green. Indeed, ground-level observations align with some of the stark differences between the two scenes, finding grass growing where there used to be water.
The region is in the throes of a multi-year drought, the consequences of which have come into sharp focus in the past few months. In late April, anticipating near term water shortages, the water utility began stretching the supply by mixing in brackish water from the Ro de la Plata estuary.
A state of emergency took effect in the Montevideo metropolitan area on June 19. With the measure, the government guaranteed a drinking water supply to hospitals and other critical institutions, and it removed taxes on bottled water. In addition, it will provide funds to hundreds of thousands of Montevideo residents to buy bottled water, according to news reports.
Each year the department produces the Annual Compliance Report (ACR) to document public water system violations.The ACR differs from the Consumer Confidence Report, or CCR, in that the CCR is a report produced by the water system for their customers.
The Annual Compliance Report is produced by the state for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The ACR must address violations of national primary drinking water regulations with respect to maximum contaminant levels, treatment techniques, significant monitoring requirements, variances and exemptions. Maximum contaminant level violations occur when a contaminant exceeds the maximum level allowed in drinking water. Monitoring violations occur when a system fails to perform required monitoring or fails to submit the monitoring by the deadline. Treatment technique violations occur when a water system fails to meet a specified treatment goal.
Once the personal water filter straw has reached the end of its lifetime, water will no longer flow through. We recommend regularly backwashing your filter by blowing air through it after use to maintain the longevity of the filter.
This paper describes an image processing-based technique used to measure the volume of residual water in the drinking water bottle for the laboratory mouse. This technique uses a camera to capture the bottle's image and then processes the image to calculate the volume of water in the bottle. Firstly, the Grabcut method separates the foreground and background to avoid the influence of background on image feature extraction. Then Canny operator was used to detect the edge of the water bottle and the edge of the liquid surface. The cumulative probability Hough detection identified the water bottle edge line segment and the liquid surface line segment from the edge image. Finally, the spatial coordinate system is constructed, and the length of each line segment on the water bottle is calculated by using plane analytical geometry. Then the volume of water is calculated. By comparing image processing time, the pixel number of liquid level, and other indexes, the optimal illuminance and water bottle color were obtained. The experimental results show that the average deviation rate of this method is less than 5%, which significantly improves the accuracy and efficiency of measurement compared with traditional manual measurement.
With the development of medicine and biology, medical animal experiments have become essential to clinical medicine1,2,3. The demand for laboratory animal samples is also increasing. Therefore, more and more medical institutions and animal breeding institutions choose to raise experimental animals on a large scale. In breeding experimental animals, the most important thing is to meet the needs of animals for water and food. Experimental animals are usually kept in special cages, where they drink water from water bottles placed in the cages. When the remaining water in the water bottle in the feeding cage is insufficient, it is necessary to supplement it on time. Accurate and timely detection of residual water in water bottles is a prerequisite for ensuring the drinking water needs of experimental animals.
Designing measurement schemes through various sensors is the most commonly used method for measuring the volume of water in containers. However, the narrow cage space and the frequent activity of animals in the cage will limit the installation of sensors, making it difficult to measure the remaining amount of water and food by installing sensors. In the existing feeding mode, the method of visually observing the water bottle by the breeder is usually selected to estimate the water amount roughly. Artificial methods require a lot of energy and time for breeders, but frequent personnel entry and exit may also damage the sterile growth environment necessary for experimental animals. In addition, artificial methods also limit the improvement of automation in the feeding process. Therefore, proposing a non-contact detection method for water residue in water bottles is significant.
Scholars in various fields have researched automated measurement methods for container liquid volume and proposed many solutions. Singh et al.4 proposed a liquid volume measurement method based on optical fiber sensors. Since the deformation degree of the fiber ring in the sensor is proportional to the liquid volume in the container, the liquid volume in the container can be measured by detecting the data fed back by the sensor. O. Alonso Hernandez et al.5 proposed a measurement system for residual oil volume in a fuel tank based on an infrared transmitter and receiver. This method measures the distance between the liquid level in the container and the receiver based on the intensity of the infrared signal received by the receiver by installing a float in the liquid container and then calculating the volume of the liquid. Zhang Jingyue et al.6 proposed a liquid level measurement method based on laser and machine vision technology to measure liquid volume in glass gauges. By analyzing the refraction phenomenon of laser light in the liquid to be measured, the corresponding liquid volume value can be obtained by calculating the liquid level height. Parisa Esmaili et al.7 proposed a detection scheme for container liquid levels based on pressure sensors. This scheme collects the pressure generated by the liquid in the container through sensors installed inside the container and then calculates the volume of the liquid. Kazuyuki Kobayashi et al.8 proposed a Doppler module-based method for container liquid level detection. This method judges the position of the liquid level line based on the different reflection characteristics of microwave waves on various materials. It can then obtain the volume of water in the container. Z. Zakaria et al.9 proposed a detection method based on ultrasonic sensors, which judges whether there is liquid at the detection location based on the differences in the propagation of ultrasonic waves in different media, and then infers the position of the liquid level line. Shaheen Ahmad et al.10 proposed a liquid level detection method based on capacitive sensors, which can reflect the changes in liquid level in the form of electrical capacity changes, thereby realizing the detection of liquid level position. Analyze the principles of the above methods and summarize the advantages and disadvantages of each method in Table 1.
After thoroughly studying the feeding environment and living habits of medical animals, it is concluded that the following characteristics are required for the measurement method of liquid volume in bottles used in this scenario: 1. The measurement method needs to be timely in order to determine whether the water in the bottle needs to be replenished on time; The measurement method should avoid affecting the expected growth of medical animals; Due to the small space of the feeding cage, the measurement method should have a relatively simple hardware structure; 4. The measurement method should have a good economy while ensuring accuracy.Summarizing the principles, advantages, and disadvantages of the above liquid volume measurement algorithms, the current mainstream detection schemes are mainly based on various sensors with relatively complex structures and high costs. They are not suitable for application in medical animal feeding scenarios. In addition, the installation location of the sensor too close to the animal being raised can also pose a potential hazard. ff782bc1db
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