Abstract: Standard cost-of-living indexes assume that preferences are homothetic, ignoring the well-established fact that tastes vary with income. This paper considers how assuming homotheticity biases our estimates of spatial price indexes for consumers at different income levels. I use Nielsen household-level purchase data in over 500 categories of food products to calculate micro-founded income- and city-specific price indexes that account for non-homotheticity, as well as city-specific price indexes that do not. I find that the income-specific cross-city price indexes vary widely across income groups. Grocery costs are 20 percent lower in a poor city relative to a wealthy city for a low-income household, but they are 20 percent higher in the poor city for a high-income household. The homothetic price indexes perform well in predicting the cross-city variation in prices for low- and middle-income households, but poorly for high-income households. These results suggest that using homothetic cost-of-living indexes understate the relative price level in poor locations for rich households..

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Yeah, we leaping across these undefeatable odds

It's like this, man

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We do this for the love

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However, while many projects can add value, the increased sale price may not cover the full cost of the project. To help you balance costs and benefits, we've included the estimated return on investment (ROI) for several types of projects. All figures are from a 2023 study by the National Association of REALTORS.Footnote1

Outdoor kitchens have become more and more popular in recent years, giving homeowners more ways to enjoy their outdoor space. As a result, REALTORS estimate that 100% of what you spend on a moderately priced outdoor kitchen could be recovered when you sell the home. That said, expensive outdoor appliances and furniture may not have as good a return, and it's probably not the type of improvement to make if you're getting ready to sell.

More outside lighting adds safety and security, and, of course, it makes the yard more attractive for enjoying after the sun sets. With an average 59% ROI, it's not going to add a lot to your home price. You can cut installation costs with battery-powered lights instead of a fully wired system, or save on your electric bill with solar-powered LED lights. 0852c4b9a8

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