Abstract. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) onboard EOS Terra measures global aerosol optical depth and optical properties since 2000. MODIS aerosol products are freely available and are being used for numerous studies. In this paper, we present a comparison of aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieved from MODIS with Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) data for the year 2004 over Kanpur, an industrial city lying in the Ganga Basin in the northern part of India. AOD retrieved from MODIS (aMODIS) at 0.55m wavelength has been compared with the AERONET derived AOD (aAERONET), within an optimum space-time window. Although the correlation between aMODIS and aAERONET during the post-monsoon and winter seasons (R2~0.71) is almost equal to that during the pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons (R2~0.72), MODIS is found to overestimate AOD during the pre-monsoon and monsoon period (characterized by severe dust loading) and underestimate during the post-monsoon and winter seasons. The absolute difference between aMODIS and aAERONET is found to be low (0.120.11) during the non-dust loading season and much higher (0.40.2) during dust-loading seasons. The absolute error in aMODIS is found to be about ~25% of the absolute values of aMODIS. Our comparison shows the importance of modifying the existing MODIS algorithm during the dust-loading seasons, especially in the Ganga Basin in northern part of India.

Sample return missions have provided the basis for understanding the thermochemical evolution of the Moon. Mare basalt sources are likely to have originated from partial melting of lunar magma ocean cumulates after solidification from an initially molten state. Some of the Apollo mare basalts show evidence for the presence in their source of a late-stage radiogenic heat-producing incompatible element-rich layer, known for its enrichment in potassium, rare-earth elements, and phosphorus (KREEP). Here we show the most depleted lunar meteorite, Asuka-881757, and associated mare basalts, represent ancient (~3.9 Ga) partial melts of KREEP-free Fe-rich mantle. Petrological modeling demonstrates that these basalts were generated at lower temperatures and shallower depths than typical Apollo mare basalts. Calculated mantle potential temperatures of these rocks suggest a relatively cooler mantle source and lower surface heat flow than those associated with later-erupted mare basalts, suggesting a fundamental shift in melting regime in the Moon from ~3.9 to ~3.3 Ga.

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The thermal boundary layer structure of a terrestrial body mainly comprises of two parts; in the upper part (crust and upper mantle), heat is transported by conduction while convection dominates in the lower part (lower mantle), also called the convective boundary layer. In a steady state scenario and in the absence of heat-producing elements, heat flow is supposed to be constant in the conductive crust, suggesting a relatively constant temperature gradient for constant thermal conductivity. The calculated steady state heat flux at the base of the lithosphere may directly represent the surface heat flux (assuming no contribution of heat sources in crust and lithospheric mantle). Therefore, in the absence of heat-producing elements, the heat flow is calculated using the relationship between the depth and the mantle potential temperature70. We use here the steady state equation:

Mr. Casaca indicates that some elements in our report are not substantiated. However, the findings in our report have been corroborated by international media such as BBC, Politico, Les Jours and Le Temps. Since publication, our report has been covered by more than 100 media across the world, including some of the most respected international media, who have analysed our work in-depth.

Intraoperative optical coherence tomography allows visualization of depth-dependent anatomy and changes from specific surgical interventions during DALK not appreciated with the en face operating microscope view and has the potential to facilitate big-bubble delivery. 0852c4b9a8

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