\nWelcome to Ask the Editor. I'm Emily Brewster, an associate editor at Merriam-Webster.\u00a0\nA mischievous nuclear scientist went to the library.\n\u00a0\nDoes that annoy you? Sorry, or maybe it sounded fine to you.\n\u00a0\nOkay. My silly sentence included three questionable pronunciations ...\n\u00a0\nmis-\u02c8ch\u0113-v\u0113-\u0259s instead of mis-ch\u0259-v\u0259s,\nny\u00fc-ky\u0259-l\u0259r instead of\u02c8n\u00fc-kl\u0113-\u0259r,\nand l\u012b-\u02ccber-\u0113 for \u02c8l\u012b-\u02ccbrer-\u0113,\n\u00a0\n... all of which are in our dictionaries. But we don't simply enter the variant pronunciations and leave it at that.\n\u00a0\nEach is introduced by a symbol that tells the reader that the variant occurs in educated speech but is considered by some to be questionable or unacceptable. In other words, use with caution.\n\u00a0\nBut where did these variant pronunciations come from?\n\u00a0\nOne source is the influence of other words. Nothing rhymes with mis-ch\u0259-v\u0259s but mis-\u02c8ch\u0113-v\u0113-\u0259s has devious and previous to make it sound correct.\n\u00a0\nIn the case of ny\u00fc-ky\u0259-l\u0259r, the less familiar -kl\u0113-\u0259r sound is replaced with the -ky\u0259-l\u0259r of words like circular and molecular.\n\u00a0\nLi-ber-e lost its R due to dissimilation. That's when you change or omit one of two identical or closely related sounds in a word, usually R.\n\u00a0\nThese explanations hardly comfort those who really dislike the variant pronunciations. These folks would like us all to say, a mischievous nuclear scientist went to the library because it reflects spelling. The problem with this reasoning is that English pronunciation quite frequently demonstrates utter disregard for spelling.\n\u00a0\nHow do you spell through?\nUh-huh.\nAnd though?\nMmm hmm.\nAnd how about rough?\nRight.\n\u00a0\nYou see, spoken language is primary, not written language, and in the case of English, the language as it's spoken continues to change while its spelling is pretty stable and is largely based on the spoken language of several centuries ago, back when two knights were tw\u014d knikts.\n\u00a0\nFor more from our Ask the Editor series visit merriam-webster.com.","fb_legacy_url":"\/video\/0034-mispron.htm","is_editor_choice":0,"is_archived":0,"is_published":1,"published_at":"2011-12-05 05:16:00","last_published_at":"2011-12-05 05:16:00","created_at":"2011-12-05 17:16:14","updated_at":"2022-05-16 13:24:55","tldr":null,"jw_id":"q1kqtZ0b","promo_date":null,"promo_type":"None","promo_index":1,"promo_bucket":"none","promo_category_type":"None","promo_category_index":0,"wap_category_path":"grammar"}; window.videosData = window.videosData || []; window.videosData.push(relatedVideo); Dictionary Entries Near pronunciation pronunciamento

kitschen April 29, 2024 More new words Popular searches English Dictionary 01 pronunciation  02 content  03 address  04 bear  05 work   06 cam  07 schedule  08 eclipse  09 experience  10 hello   Browse the English Dictionary 0-9 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Or, browse the Cambridge Dictionary index

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(English pronunciations of dictionary from the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus and from the Cambridge Academic Content Dictionary, both sources  Cambridge University Press)

If more than one written pronunciation is given for a word, they are all acceptable, but the first form given is the most common. Not all possible American pronunciations are shown in this dictionary. For example, some speakers only use the sound // when it is followed by /r/ (as in horse /hrs/) and use // in all other words that are shown with // in this dictionary, so that they pronounce both caught  and cot as /kt/.

/  / shows a weaker (or secondary) stress. Many longer words have a syllable that is pronounced with a secondary stress as well as a syllable with strong (or main) stress. So in the word pronunciation /prnnsien/, the main stress is on the syllable /e/, and the secondary stress is on the syllable /nn/.

Note that a pronunciation is provided in brackets after the word above. If you are looking for a spoken pronunciation then you are right that there is none. You will find them on the web, like dictionary.com.

Pronouncing the titles of classical music and the names of composers and performers is a daunting task for many Americans because so many of the words are foreign to us. Adding to the difficulty is the fact that some of the names that look familiar are not pronounced as we would pronounce them. This dictionary provides some help in the form of pronunciations by a phonetic system devised by E. Douglas Brown of the staff of WOI Radio at Iowa State University. Many of the pronunciations in the dictionary were derived from tape-recorded pronunciations made by foreign nationals who were were speaking their respective native languages.

Prepared primarily for the announcing staff of WOI, the dictionary has been found useful by them and is being made freely available to others who may find it of value. Although imperfect and far from complete, the dictionary, with its 30,000 entries, is the most extensive of its type now available. See the Preface and Pronunciation Conventions for more information. The dictionary includes a PDF file for each letter of the alphabet.

This dictionary is the first comprehensive description of Shakespearean original pronunciation (OP), enabling practitioners to answer any queries about the pronunciation of individual words. It includes all the words in the First Folio, transcribed using IPA, and provides sound files as an additional aid to pronunciation. It details the main pronunciation evidence in the texts, notably all spelling variants and rhymes. An extensive introduction provides a full account of the aims, evidence, history, and current use of OP in relation to Shakespeare productions as well as other uses. It is an invaluable resource for producers, directors, actors, and others wishing to present Shakespeare's plays or poetry in original pronunciation, as well as for students and academics in the fields of literary criticism and Shakespeare studies more generally.

The broad approach to transcription is accompanied by a selective approach to variant pronunciations. For example, the transcriptions make clear that the vowel // occurs only in British English, with American pronunciations usually having // or // instead. For these words there is some variation between // and // among speakers of American English, but only one such pronunciation is given.

Some variant pronunciations are represented by the special use of /i/ and /u/ (without a length mark //). /i/ represents a weak vowel that can be sounded either as /i/ or // or a compromise between them. The sequence /i/ can be pronounced /j/, so union can be /junin/ or /junjn/. In the same way /u/ represents a weak vowel between /u/ and //. If followed by a consonant sound it can be pronounced as //, and the sequence /u/ can be pronounced /w/, as in actual /ktul, ktwl/.

Further information about a pronunciation may be given in square brackets [lak s], referring more specifically to sounds on the IPA chart. This narrow transcription is useful for representing pronunciations or sounds that are not British or American, for example the East African pronunciation [boma] given at boma.

Some pronunciations are labelled as strong or weak forms. The first pronunciation given usually represents the one most commonly used, but where a strong form is indicated it should be used when the word is stressed. A strong form is also usually used when the word is at the end of a sentence. For example:

A word or compound that has two stresses in its dictionary form may show a shift of stress when used in a phrase. For example, the adjective well-known has the main stress on known, but in the phrase well-known author the main stress is shifted to the noun that follows.

The cmudict is a text file and it's format is really simple. First, the word is listed. Then, there are two spaces. Everything following the two spaces is the pronunciation. Where a word may have two different ways of being spoken you will see two entries for the word like

Basically, if you've already found the cmudict then you've already got what you asked for: a database of words and their pronunciations. To find words that rhyme you'll have to parse the flat file into a table and run a query to find words that end with the same ARPAbet code.

Then, find the vowel phoneme that has primary stress. In other words, look for the number "1" in that pronunciation. The text directly to the left of the 1 is the vowel sound that has primary stress (AH). That text, and everything to the right of it are your "rhyme phonemes" (for the lack of a better term). So the rhyme phonemes for LOVE are AH1 V.

We're half done! Now we just have to find other words whose pronunciations end with AH1 V. If you're playing along in Notepad++, try a Find All In Current Document for pattern AH1 V$ using Search Mode of "Regular expression". This will match lines like:

For a simple conceptual example, you could compute the "rhyme phonemes" of all words in the dictionary, then insert them into a "Rhymes" table whose columns are { WordText, RhymePhonemes }. For example, you might see records like:

I've also had some luck storing the raw pronunciation in the database in varying "full" formats (forward and reversed strings of the pronunciation, with stress marks and without stress marks, etc) but not "chopped" into specific pieces like a rhyme-phoneme column. 0852c4b9a8

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