Formula 1 1978 Free Download

The 1978 Formula One season was the 32nd season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1978 World Championship of F1 Drivers and the International Cup for F1 Constructors,[1] contested concurrently over a sixteen race series[1] which commenced on 15 January and ended on 8 October. The season also included the non-championship BRDC International Trophy.

The 1978 season started at the varied Parque Almirante Brown circuit in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where Mario Andretti took pole in his Lotus, with home favourite Carlos Reutemann's Ferrari joining him on the front row and Ronnie Peterson in the other Lotus third on the grid. The start was uneventful, with Andretti and Reutemann easily keeping first and second, with John Watson in the Brabham taking third from Peterson. Watson took second from Reutemann on the seventh lap, but Andretti was uncatchable. Reutemann ran third for a while but then began to drop down the order due to tire problems, so reigning world champion Niki Lauda took third in his Brabham, which became second with ten laps left when Watson's engine blew up. Andretti motored on to a crushing victory, with Lauda second and Patrick Depailler's Tyrrell taking the final spot on the podium. This had been an unusual Argentine Grand Prix- although the summer weather had been usually hot (although not as hot as the previous year), the attrition rate hadn't been as high, nor had the polesitter retired.

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A single non-championship Formula One race was held in 1978: the BRDC International Trophy, staged at Silverstone. This was the last time this event was run under Formula One regulations. The race was won by future World Champion Keke Rosberg, driving in only his second Formula One event.

A new semiempirical nuclear level density formula is proposed, which takes into account the influence of nuclear shell structure on level densities and the excitation energy dependence of shell effects. The ground state shell and pairing energies enter directly into this formula, which involves three mass-independent parameters characterizing the average single-particle level density near the Fermi level and the wavelength of shell oscillations. The present formulation is shown not only to give a good fit to the experimental data on neutron resonance spacings of spherical nuclei, but also to provide a reliable extrapolation to higher excitation energies. The present analysis has also brought out the need to include the dependence of level density parameter a on the surface to volume ratio of nuclei. The analysis of the data for deformed nuclei with the present formulation does not indicate an enhancement of the level densities of the magnitude suggestive of a rotation degree of freedom completely decoupled from intrinsic degrees at the excitation energy equal to neutron binding energies.

Estimates of body surface area were made based on measurement of 81 subjects, ranging from premature infants to adults. SA was calculated geometrically for each subject from 34 body measurements, and the values obtained compared with those based on previously published formulas and graphs. The most widely used formula, that of Du Bois and Du Bois, increasingly underestimated SA as values fell below 0.7 m2; the disparity was greatest in the newborn infant (7.96%). Closer agreement was obtained with the equations and nomograms of Body, Brody, Faber and Melcher, and Sendroy and Cecchini, although minor deviations were noted in some age ranges. The formula SA (m2) = weight (kg)0.5378 X height (cm)0.3964 X 0.024265, derived from the measured data by multiple regression analysis, gave a good fit for all values of SA from less than 0.2 m2 to greater than 2.0 m2 (r = 0.998). This formula was used to construct nomograms for estimation of SA in infants, children, and adults from height (length) and weight.

After four seasons in which each British F3 Champion had progressed straight into F1, much was expected of the 1978 crop, led by Derek Warwick, the nearly man of 1977, and Brazilian Nelson Piquet Soutomaior. Warwick won four of the first five races in his 1977 Ralt RT1 but was then distracted by the 'opportunity' to try a March 783. By the time he returned to his Ralt, Piquet was on a streak of seven successive race wins and the BP title was lost. Piquet worked hard with engineer Greg 'Pee Wee' Siddle to develop the RT1 and had the edge on Warwick from then on but Warwick rarely finished lower than second and was able to wrap up the Vandervell title.

The 1978 results have been compiled by Chris Townsend using the main British magazines Autosport and Motoring News. We are most grateful to Wolfgang Neumayer for chassis number observations of German and European-based cars at Monaco and Paul Ricard. Wolfgang's website covers European and German F3 racing from 1948 to date.

Race results are largely complete; there just being a handful of unknown results at 14 races. Qualifying results are also very nearly complete, the only significant gap being the times of the slower cars at Thruxton 29 May 1978. Entry numbers are nearly all known but copies of entry lists from race programmes for Donington Park 9 Apr 1978 (non-championship World Cup International F3 Race), Oulton Park 20 May 1978, Mallory Park 13 Aug 1978, Donington Park 26 Aug 1978 (Euro round), Brands Hatch 7 Oct 1978 and Mallory Park 15 Oct 1978 would be very useful.

29-year-old Formula Ford and Super Vee graduate Howdy Holmes won the 1978 series in one of Doug Shierson Racing's new March 78Bs. His closest competitor was Finnish star Keke Rosberg, driving a Chevron B45 for Fred Opert Racing but there were also impressive performances from a trio of Ralt RT1 drivers: the fast but erratic Bobby Rahal in Pierre Philips' car, Price Cobb in the Ecurie Canada car and 21-year-old Kevin Cogan in Brian Robertson's car.

The self-financing engine deal run by Harrison's Ecurie Canada also collapsed during 1978. This was due to provide 80% of the prize money out of the profit from sales of the mandatory Cosworth BDN engine, but sales collapsed from around 60 in 1977 to just 28 in 1978. Michigan-based Doug Shierson took over the scheme and tried to convince the SCCA's Director of Professional Racing, Burdie Martin, to organise Atlantic races for 1979. Meanwhile, CASC, through Bob Hanna, continued to sanction the series and to run the Canadian races while some looked to the newly-formed CART to see the impact they may have on American racing. Atlantic desperately needed a promoter and it would be Pook that would come to the rescue.

Once again a Swede came so close to the European Formula 3 title. After Conny Andersson had missed the title on a tie break in 1976, and Anders Olofsson finished second in 1977, Olofsson battled with Dutchman Jan Lammers for the 1978 title and again lost out on a tie break. Lammers won the first round of the series at Zandvoort, his home track where he was a driving instructor, but Olofsson won the next two races at the Nrburgring and the sterreichring to take the championship lead. He held that lead until Magny Cours in July, where he rented a new Martini MK21B instead of his old-year-old Ralt RT1/77, and finished well down the field as Lammers won in his Ralt RT1/78. Olofsson won again at Knutstorp and Kassel-Calden, but Lammers had the momentum now, with a run of nine races in which he finished first or second eight times. The two ended tied on points, and Lammers won thanks to five second places against four for Olofsson.

Three other drivers impressed in 1978: Parisian Patrick Gaillard had an excellent season in a Chevron B43 and was unlucky to be knocked out when leading the Monaco race; wealthy Italian Teo Fabi could invest in qualifying rubber for his March 783 during the tyre war in F3 between Goodyear and M&H; and Michael Bleekemolen who was backed by F&S Properties into one of the works Chevron B43s before becoming distracted by a chance to drive the ATS in F1. Alain Prost raised eyebrows when he won the Jarama race in a Martini MK21B, the Renault engine of which was inexplicably more powerful at this race than at any other. Autosport noted in its report that "there were no facilities to check the Renault's air restrictor for size of vacuum".

Ralt was the leading constructor in 1978, but only narrowly from Chevron who won the Italian series, and March. The French Martini had some success, even if the Jarama performance is discounted, and Jo Marquart's Argo JM1 showed potential. Lola's latest offering, the T670, was a flop.

Carol Laskin was incredulous when she realized her 6-month-old baby was losing weight. She had followed her doctor's advice and breast-fed Benjamin until his fourth month, then weaned him to the formula Neo-Mull-Soy. But within a few weeks Benjamin refused to take his bottle. His skin felt doughy. And he stopped growing.

To humor the baby's grandmother, the specialist agreed on the third day of Benjamin's hospitalization to switch formulas. To the physician's astonishment, the baby gulped down the new food and recovered so quickly that the Laskin were able to take him home that afternoon.

Medical authorities soon discovered that Benjamin was one of at least 118 babies who refused their food and stopped growing properly after being put on Neo-Mull-Soy or a more specialized product called Cho-Free. Some babies had seizures. One stopped breathing. Two infants died, although doctors still don't know whether the formulas were to blame for their deaths.

Tests showed that the two formulas manufatured by Syntex Corp. from mid-1978 until August of this year lacked at least one vital nutrient that left the affected children malnourished during the critical months months when brain growth is most rapid.

Twenty thousand American babies were on the formulas. Some became ill as early as October 1978, but no one connected the cases of apparent kidney disease to a problem with the Syntex formulas until last July. Syntex recalled Neo-Mull-Soy and Cho-Free August, although the formulas were still available in some stores in Washington and elsewhere in late October. 9af72c28ce