FP_LESSON 1
Prepared by: CAM Gonzales
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INTRODUCTION
Welcome, Forensic Science students, to Forensic Photography, an essential discipline in crime scene investigation. Before focusing on forensic photography, this lesson begins with the basics of forensic science, where you will learn what forensic science is and become familiar with its six major areas. This foundational knowledge will help you understand how forensic photography fits into and supports the broader forensic investigation process
By the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
CO1-ILO#1: Explain the concept of Forensic Photography, including its significance in forensic investigations.
Define Criminalistics.
Identify the individual credited as the Founder or Father of Criminalistics.
Discuss the various areas of Criminalistics or Forensic Science.
WHAT IS CRIMINALISTICS?
WHAT IS CRIMINALISTICS?
Criminalistics is one of the major fields of study in Criminology aside from the Sociology of Crimes and Ethics, Law Enforcement Administration, Crime Detection and Investigation, Criminal Law and Jurisprudence, and Correctional Administration.
It is also known as Forensic Science (refers to various science) or Police Science (refers to a specific case) which focuses on the application of various sciences in the collection, preservation, and examination of physical evidence recovered in the crime scene. The word forensic was derived from the Latin word “Forum” which means a marketplace, space where people gathered for public discussions.
WHO IS DR. HANS GROSS?
WHO IS DR. HANS GROSS?
Dr. Hans Gustav Adolf Gross is the 'Father of Modern Criminalistics'. He is an Australian magistrate who described the ‘Search for the truth’ as the goal of all investigative and detective works.
He is an Austrian criminologist, who is renowned as the "Founding Father" of criminal profiling. He established the field of criminology by founding the Institute of Criminology in Graz and making significant contributions to crime investigation techniques.
Gross introduced new methods like crime scene photography and fingerprint examination, revolutionizing the justice system. His book, "Handbuch für Untersuchungsrichter als System der Kriminalistik," expanded criminal science with innovative ideas. Gross's impact extended to academia, where he taught at various universities and engaged in constructive debates, furthering the influence of criminology. Additionally, he emphasized the importance of objective evidence evaluation and the utilization of scientific methods in criminal investigations
FORENSIC SCIENCE.mp4MAJOR AREAS IN FORENSIC SCIENCE
MAJOR AREAS IN FORENSIC SCIENCE
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION
QUESTIONED DOCUMENT EXAMINATION
Questioned document examination involves the scientific analysis of documents that are disputed in legal contexts to determine their authenticity, origin, and other characteristics relevant to legal proceedings.
Forensic document examiners play a vital role in these examinations by comparing questioned documents to known standards to identify similarities or differences. The discipline covers various examinations such as handwriting analysis, indented impressions, typewriting, printing processes, inks, and paper. Handwriting analysis is a common aspect of questioned document examination, aiming to verify the authenticity of documents by comparing them to known handwriting samples
Albert S. Osborn is considered the 'Father of Questioned Document Examination'.
FORENSIC BALLISTIC
FORENSIC BALLISTIC
It is the science of Firearm Identification using the ammunition fired through them. The word ballistics is derived from the Greek word “Ballo” or “Ballein” which means to throw and from the Roman war machine “Ballista” which is a gigantic bow or catapult that hurls stones in killing enemies and wild animals.
It encompasses three subcategories: internal ballistics, external ballistics, and terminal/wound ballistics. The examination of spent bullets, cartridges, and firing residues can help classify ammunition, trace bullets back to firearms, establish bullet trajectories, identify shooting firearms, and connect firearms to other crimes fired from a specific firearm.
Calvin H. Goddard is the "Father of Ballistics".
FORENSIC CHEMISTRY & TOXICOLOGY
FORENSIC CHEMISTRY & TOXICOLOGY
Forensic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that applies chemical principles to solve legal problems and is used in courts of law. Forensic chemists analyze physical evidence like illegal drugs, explosives, paints, fabrics, and more to provide clues for solving crimes. They use techniques like chromatography and spectrophotometry for organic analysis and atomic absorption spectroscopy for inorganic analysis.
Forensic chemistry plays a crucial role in criminal investigations by providing expert testimony in court trials based on their findings from analyzing evidence found at crime scenes.
A forensic Chemist is one who practices Forensic Chemistry.
LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES
LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES
The scientific method of detecting deception with the aid of a polygraph machine, also known as "Scientific Truth Verification," involves monitoring and recording psychological changes like pulse, beat, respiration, and skin resistance. The term "polygraph" originates from the Greek words "poly," meaning many, and "Graphein," meaning to write.
Thomas Jefferson was the first person known to use the term polygraph to describe one of his inventions. John A. Larson is credited as the 'Father of Scientific Lie Detection and Polygraphy'.
PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION
PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION
This pertains to the examination of fingerprints for identification purposes.
The National Forensic Science Technology Center states that even identical twins do not share the same fingerprints, highlighting the uniqueness of each individual. Alphonse Bertillon is recognized as the "FATHER OF PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION" for developing a scientific method known as Anthropometry.
FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY
FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY
Photography is the process of capturing light to create an image, either through the use of a film camera or a digital sensor. The term "photography" was coined by Sir John Herschel in 1839, and the practice involves recording light onto a light-sensitive surface, such as film or an electronic sensor, to produce an image. The "Father of Photography" is often considered to be Henry Fox Talbot, who made significant contributions to the field in the early 19th century.
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