The BELLA Programme brings unprecedented opportunities for scientific, cultural and business exchange and has the potential to facilitate the sharing of high-performance computing and Earth observation data between Europe and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). The EllaLink fibre-optic cable will significantly improve the collaboration between researchers and academics across the two continents thanks to digital transformation.

The construction of the cable was finalised in March 2021 and it was officially inaugurated on 1 June during the 2021 Digital Assembly, jointly organised by the European Commission and the Portuguese Presidency.

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Two BELLA projects will help to reduce the digital divide with and within Latin America and enhance cooperation on research and innovation between the EU and Latin America.

A new submarine cable will provide for the transatlantic data-sharing needs of the European and Latin American research and education communities. The contract with ELLALINK was signed in 2018 and works were completed by mid-2021.

A terrestrial component extending the high-capacity cable to academic research networks in Latin America, complementing each others areas of research. It will enhance equal access to intercontinental services for all research and education end users in Latin American.

BELLA-T focuses on South America. It aims to connect Brazil, through the cities of Fortaleza, Sao Paulo and Porto Alegre; Argentina, through Buenos Aires; Chile, through Santiago; Ecuador, through Guayaquil; Colombia, through Bogot and Ccuta to the border with Venezuela, and Colombia via Cartagena.

BELLA will contribute to the creation of a common research area between the European Union and Latin America. The first to benefit will be national education and research networks (14 in Latin America), the educational and scientific communities of Latin America and Europe.

The cable will boost business exchanges and enable companies in Europe and Latin America to further develop existing cooperation, for example in fields such as high-performance computing. As a direct link between the two continents without intermediate connection points, it will also provide high levels of data privacy.

The cable will also have a particular impact on earth observation services, especially the Copernicus programme, allowing a much larger volume of earth observation data and information to be shared and at higher speed, thereby bolstering its uptake by users on both sides of the Atlantic.

The initiative also supports improved digital interconnectivity between Latin American countries, and will contribute to regional and inter-regional integration. It will underpin the EU-CELAC (Community of Latin American and Caribbean States) partnership by enhancing cooperation on interconnectivity, science, research, innovation, and technology, as well as higher education.

This report examines key findings of a survey carried out among European countries on disaster risk reduction (DRR) and climate change adaptation (CCA) in order to get an overview to which extent, and how, member countries of the European Forum for Disaster Risk Reduction (EFDRR) link these two issues. It examines key findings of the survey, and provides the basis for policy discussions and suggestions to the EFDRR towards its work on climate change adaptation. Furthermore, it provides relevant scientific background information to be taken in consideration by practitioners when implementing DRR and CCA projects.

The initial findings of the survey were presented at the 3rd Annual Meeting of the EFDRR in Dubrovnik, Croatia, October 2012, and the discussion confirmed the interest of the participants to go beyond a simple survey. The report shows that, in spite of those gaps, strong links have already been established in many countries not only as principles in policy development but also in actual implementation of DRR efforts at various levels. That convergence is in particular illustrated through examples from Poland, Norway and France on how to link in practical terms efforts in DRR with CCA, a need that is highlighted by the EU Adaption Strategy, adopted by the European Commission on April 2013.

The report is intended to be used to promote stronger links between CCA and DRR not only through integration of CCA components in regional and national strategies for disaster risk reduction but also through integration of DRR measures into climate change adaptation strategies, and to be considered as a contribution to the post 2015 of Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA2) on-going discussions and as useful background information for other regional or global initiatives on linking disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation.

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In 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) updated its air quality guidelines for the first time since 2005. This update is based on a systematic review of the latest scientific evidence outlining how air pollution affects human health.

For several decades, the European Union (EU) has had air quality standards in place for key air pollutants in the ambient air quality directives. If levels exceed these binding standards, Member States should prepare air quality plans to address the sources responsible and ensure compliance. Although these values were based on the 2005 WHO air quality guidelines, they also reflected the technical and economic feasibility of their attainment across EU Member States. The EU air quality standards are therefore less demanding than the 2005 WHO air quality guidelines.

Mortality refers to the number of deaths that have occurred because of a specific disease or a group of diseases. Mortality is expressed either as premature deaths or years of life lost.

Premature deaths are deaths that occur before a person reaches an expected age. This expected age is typically the life expectancy for a country, stratified by sex and age. Premature deaths are considered preventable if their cause can be eliminated.

Years of life lost (YLL) is defined as the years of potential life lost because of premature death. YLL is an estimate of the number of years that people in a population would have lived had there been no premature deaths. The YLL measure considers the age at which deaths occur; therefore, the contribution to the total number of lost life years is higher for a premature death occurring at a younger age and lower for a premature death occurring at an older age.

Morbidity is the state of having a disease, measured by, for instance, the prevalence of a disease in a population. In this briefing, morbidity is expressed as years lived with disability (YLD), meaning years of healthy life lost to disability.

The Zero Pollution Action Plan sets the 2030 target of improving air quality, with a focus on PM2.5, in order to reduce the number of premature deaths caused by air pollution in the EU by a minimum of 55%, relative to those in 2005.

Having a look at the past trend, from 2005 to 2020, premature deaths in the EU attributable to PM2.5 exposure above the WHO guideline level fell by 45% (see Figure 1). Should air quality continue to improve at this rate and the number of premature deaths continue to fall at a comparable rate in the future, the target would be achieved by 2026. However, this estimation is based purely on the assumption that the observed trend will continue. It is not a projection, since it does not factor in any recent policy developments or additional efforts taken to improve air quality since 2020.

Continuously reducing particulate matter concentrations in ambient air over the next decade will be challenging. To meet the target, Member States will need to fully implement their national air pollution control programmes (NACPCs), as well as measures needed to reach the 2030 climate and energy targets (European Commission, 2021).

In terms of exposure, an increasingly ageing and urbanising European population counteracts some of the health gains associated with the reduction in ambient air pollution concentrations. Firstly, older people are more sensitive to air pollution. Secondly, a higher rate of urbanisation typically means that more people are exposed to PM2.5 concentrations, which tend to be higher in cities.

Since 2014, the EEA has been estimating mortality due to exposure to air pollution, with support from our European Topic Centres. Mortality is the most serious health outcome of exposure to air pollution, with robust scientific evidence of causality and for which data are more widely available. At the same time, studies increasingly show that ambient air pollution is also associated with morbidity due to several chronic conditions, such as diabetes or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (GBD, 2019). As a result, the share of morbidity in the total burden of disease for selected diseases is considerable. 

Concentration-response functions are used to attribute a health risk to exposure to air pollution. These functions are based on epidemiological studies and estimate the increase in risk per unit of concentration of a certain air pollutant. As an example, the concentration-response function for mortality from exposure to PM2.5 used in this briefing assumes a linear increase in the relative risk of mortality of 8% per 10 g/m3 increase in the annual mean concentration of PM2.5 (as recommended in (WHO, 2021)). 

So far, the EEA used the concentration-response functions for mortality recommended by WHO in their 2013 report on the health risks of air pollution in Europe. In this briefing, EEA applies for the first time the concentration-response functions for mortality set out in the 2021 WHO air quality guidelines. For both PM2.5 and O3 the risk of mortality associated with incremental increases in concentrations is now higher, while for NO2 the associated risk is slightly lower. An increased risk of mortality will increase the estimates of premature deaths per unit of air pollution, while a decreased risk will do the opposite. 

An additional change to the method of calculating mortality has to do with the range of concentrations considered. Until 2021 and based on the 2013 WHO recommendations, all concentrations were considered for PM2.5; only concentrations above 20 g/m3 were considered for NO2 and only concentrations above 70 g/m3 for O3. Following the 2021 WHO air quality guidelines, the main analysis presented in this briefing calculated mortality for concentrations above 5 g/m3 for PM2.5 and above 10 g/m3 for NO2. These values correspond to the new air quality guideline levels, below which the level of uncertainty surrounding the concentration-response functions is higher. This change reduces premature death estimates, since health impacts below the WHO guideline levels are not accounted for (although they are considered in a sensitivity analysis). Regarding O3, the concentration from which premature deaths are calculated remains unchanged at 70 g/m3. 

Note that the estimates of premature deaths presented here may differ from others calculated at national and European levels due to differences in methodological choices. As an example, the estimated number of premature deaths presented in this assessment is higher than those presented in the Study to support the impact assessment for a revision of the EU Ambient Air Quality Directives (Birchby et al., 2022). The kinds of methodological choices that can affect estimates of premature deaths include: 152ee80cbc

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