出刊年月/Date of Publishing

1989.06

所屬卷期/Vol. & No.   第19卷第2期 Vol. 19, No. 2

類型/Type                 研究論文 Research Article

篇名/Title
美國貿易法中301報復條款之研究
A Legal Analysis of Section 301: The Retaliation Clause of the United States Trade Act of 1974, as Amended

作者/Author
羅昌發 Changfa Lo

頁碼/Pagination
pp. 1-44

摘要
美國國會依照貿易法於1974年所修訂的301條款，是美國公民在外國實施非法、不正當、不合理或歧視性之措施致使美國商業受到限制時，得將商品出口至外國的合法機制。這項條款已成為美國開拓外國市場的重要法律依據。然而，從中華民國政府的角度來看，這項條款對我輸美出口貿易造成不小的威脅。美國就曾根據301條款對我國進行過數次調查，並指出我國試圖制定不公平貿易政策，因此必須降低關稅及取消某些產品的關稅限制。不論是政府官員或民間企業都相當關心美方所可能採取的報復措施，因為他們十分清楚中華民國的對外貿易是經不起任何的貿易報復行為。301條款制定之法律技術非常複雜，且對美台雙邊貿易也是一項重要的法條依據，所以相當值得吾人撰述專文將其沿革及其設此要件之理由作一說明。另外我也將討論美國國會在1988年通過的綜合貿易及競爭力法，因為其中所制定的超級301與特別301條款，為美方貿易代表經常使用的談判籌碼。本文藉由說明301條款之沿革，期使讀者對301條款之整體架構得一充分之理解。

Abstract
Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974, as amended, is a legal mechanism which permits United States citizens to assert their “right” to export when certain practices of foreign governments illegally, unjustifiably, unreasonably, or discriminatorily limit United States commerce. This clause has been an important legal scheme for the United States to open up foreign markets. However, from the R.O.C.’s point of view, it has always been a serious threat to our export. This clause has triggered a number of investigations alleging that the R.O.C. government assumes unfair trade policy and requiring that the government of the R.O.C. on Taiwan to reduce its tariff and non-tariff barriers. Government officials as well as people of the R.O.C. concern very much about the possible retaliations. They generally conceive that the economy of the R.O.C. could not afford to be retaliated. Since Section 30 I contains a very complicated legal structure and since this provision plays an important role in the U.S.-R.O.C. trade relations, it is proper to have an analytical discussion in this paper on the background and legal requirements of Section 301. This analytical discussion becomes more important due to the fact that the United States Trade Representative has been equipped by Section 301 with some more powerful weapons, such as the retaliation schemes contained in the provisions of Super Section 301 and Special Section 301, after the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988 was enacted. This paper discusses the newly enacted provisions in detail in order to provide readers with a whole picture of Section 301.

關鍵字/Key Word
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DOI
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學門分類/Subject
法學 Law