Elements Of Food And Nutrition By J.a. Awan Pdf Download ((LINK))

As an antioxidant, lycopene has acquired importance as it prevents autoxidation of fats and related products. Tomatoes are an important agricultural product that is a great source of lycopene. It contains many vitamins and minerals, fiber, and carbohydrates and is associated with various positive effects on health. The antioxidant potential of tomatoes is substantially explained with lycopene compounds. Diet is a major risk factor for heart diseases which is shown as the most important cause of death in the world. It has been observed that the lycopene taken in the diet has positive effects in many stages of atherosclerosis. The serum lipid levels, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, blood pressure, and antioxidative potential are mainly affected by lycopene. These natural antioxidants, which can also enhance the nutritional value of foods, may lead to new ways if used in food preservation. In this review study, the antioxidant potential and cardiovascular protection mechanism of lycopene are discussed.

Global food security concerns impact greatly on the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals, which are heavily focused on eradicating hunger by 2030. The Global Food Security Index of 2019 has reported that 88% of countries claim their is enough food supply in their countries, but it is a dreadful reality that every one in three countries is facing insufficient availability of food supply as per the index, meaning more than 10% of the population is malnourished. Since nutrition is one of the main factors in maintaining a healthy lifestyle and meeting the requirements of food security, several national nutrition surveys conducted in various countries have provided an avenue for governments to assess malnutrition problems across the population. For example, the National Nutrition Survey carried out in 2011 in Pakistan indicated that more than 50% of the population was food insecure based on the nutritional status of available food. This survey also highlighted the acute deficiency of micronutrients in the diet resulting in several disorders, especially among the female population. In view of these facts, efforts are being made globally to enhance the nutritional value of our agricultural products, especially staple crops, by using several biotechnological approaches.

Elements Of Food And Nutrition By J.a. Awan Pdf Download

Download File 🔥 https://urlgoal.com/2y2QyF 🔥

We propose that a combination of traditional indigenous milpa with recent advances in PPT would represent a highly effective synergy for the biological control of maize pests and weeds, high yields, and diversified production. Both systems can be easily combined and adapted to region-specific farming conditions, with large potential benefits in terms of reduction of agrochemical inputs, crop yields, revenue, protection of biodiversity and cultural traditions. A milpa push-pull combination has the potential to robustly mitigate weeds and pests while also providing smallholder farmers with optimal food production and a diverse nutritionally-balanced harvest. Here, we describe how the milpa principles can be combined with the PPT to attain their mutual benefits. Furthermore, we critically assess the characteristics of the plants involved in the milpa and push-pull systems and discuss the possibility of using alternative plants in certain scenarios.

One such example is the incorporation of Cucurbita spp. to cereal-legume smallholder production in Africa. The role of Cucurbita spp. within milpa systems partially overlaps that of Desmodium spp. within PPT, as both are responsible for soil moisture retention, reduction of soil erosion, and prevention of noxious weeds entering the system. But while Desmodium spp. are only used as fodder, Cucurbita spp. are a source of micronutrients, especially vitamin A, which are fundamental for an appropriate nutritional balance (Ndoro et al. 2007; Lopez-Ridaura et al. 2021). Cucurbita spp. are not unfamiliar to African smallholder farmers; maize-pumpkin intercropping is very common in southern Africa where farmers use all parts of the plant for food, including leaves, flowers, and seeds (Silwana and Lucas 2002; Maereka et al. 2009). However, its combination with cereal-legume intercropping is rare (Baudron et al. 2019), especially in other African regions.

Other legume-enriched push-pull systems that diversify food production, increase nitrogen fixation, and enhance pest control might also be envisioned. We propose that a flexible milpa push-pull can be developed that builds on the benefits of species combinations classically found both in milpa and in PPT. Such a system should allow flexibility according to the most appropriate combination of push-and-pull plants given variables such as rainfall pattern, Striga pressure, FAW and stemborer pressure, nutritional needs, and cultural and food preferences of the farmers. Both the milpa and PPT show a high capacity to be adapted to cope with different challenges including varying climatic regimes (Murage et al. 2015; Midega et al. 2015, 2018). The same properties of flexibility and adaptability are likely to be transferred to their combination.

Vetiver grass has been found to be a good trap plant for Chilo partellus in Africa (van den Berg 2006b), it is also important in preventing soil erosion and has value as animal feed (Truong et al. 2008). Additionally, Vetiver grass attracts several parasitic wasps such as Telenomus spp. and Trichogramma spp. (Lu et al. 2019). In terms of food diversity, Amaranth (Amaranthus spp.) adapts well to multicropping systems such as the milpa and is highly appreciated and used in Africa and America for its nutritional value (Fomsgaard et al. 2011; Alemayehu et al. 2015). Nonetheless, caution should be given to the fact that Amaranthus spp. are a host of African Spodoptera spp. such as S. littoralis and S. exigua (Fiaboe et al. 2017). Cleome gynandra is another nutritious and popular plant that could be incorporated into milpa push-pull systems in Africa, especially as a source of protein and vitamin A in regions where cucurbits are not preferred (Mishra et al. 2011). Cleome gynandra is a fast-growing leafy vegetable that is widespread in West and Eastern Africa and is increasingly valued as a commercial crop (Achigan-Dako et al. 2021). Cleome gynandra is also effective as a repellent plant for spider mites (Tetranychus spp.), which represents a serious problem for the trap plant Brachiaria brizantha cv Mulato II (Nyalala and Grout 2007). However, C. gynandra has also been found to be an alternate host of Eurystylus oldi (Hemiptera, Miridae), a pest of sorghum (Ratnadass et al. 2012).

The poor performance of the trap plants tested so far for FAW, which fail to preferentially attract adult FAW moths over maize and/or to retain and kill FAW larvae (Guera et al. 2020; Cheruiyot et al. 2021b), highlights the necessity to test other species for this purpose. This could be an opportunity to experiment with plants that, beyond the function of trap plants for FAW, may also have value as a food source. In particular, millets from the genera Panicum, Pennisetum, and Paspalum may be explored, as species within these groups are recognized for their nutritional value and broadly planted in various regions of the world (e.g., Proso millet Panicum miliaceum, little millet Panicum sumatrense, Sonoran panicgrass Panicum sonorum, pearl millet Pennisetum glaucum and Kodo millet Paspalum scrobiculatum). Some species in these genera are known to control FAW to some degree, including Panicum maximum, Pennisetum purpureum, Paspalum ionanthum, and Paspalum notatum (Tables 1, 2, and 3) (Braman et al. 2014; Guera et al. 2020; Cheruiyot et al. 2021b).

The Mesoamerican milpa and East African PPT systems have the potential to complement each other and promote sustainable food production, but there has been little to no cross-system learning to date. We reviewed extant literature on both systems and present the likely advantages of combining them in small-scale farming in the Americas and sub-Saharan Africa. Designing effective combinations of milpa with PPT has the potential to reduce poverty, address food security challenges and provide farmers with increased flexibility to adapt and rotate crops. This can be achieved by merging the respective benefits of different companion plants for crop protection against pests, increased food production, and diversified nutrition, along with improved soil moisture, fertility, and other benefits such as fodder production. The larger range of possibilities provided by the milpa push-pull system to adapt the composition and configuration of its components is likely to increase the resilience of smallholders to socio-environmental challenges. Based on existing knowledge of both cropping systems, we show that there is a large potential for such configurations to be highly adaptive according to the key pressures influencing production in different regions. Through the selection of plant species and cultivars with specific traits, integrated milpa push-pull systems could be adapted to different gradients of altitude, rainfall, and soil nutrient levels. Milpa push-pull is likely to combine the benefits of the milpa and push-pull systems to robustly increase yields, yield stability, and soil fertility in the long term, even under predicted scenarios of climate change and increasing pest pressure. Co-development and testing of the milpa push-pull concept by farmers and scientists will bring further insight into its effectiveness and optimal design. We conclude that a fruitful exchange of knowledge on sustainable and traditional cropping systems practiced by smallholders in different parts of the world is an essential approach for key insights and inspiration toward further development of biodiversity-friendly farming practices with a high capacity for resilience and social-ecological adaptation. ff782bc1db