In electronics, a pinout (sometimes written "pin-out") is a cross-reference between the contacts, or pins, of an electrical connector or electronic component, and their functions. "Pinout" now supersedes the term "basing diagram" which was the standard terminology used by the manufacturers of vacuum tubes and the RMA. The RMA started its standardization in 1934, collecting and correlating tube data for registration at what was to become the EIA. The EIA (Electronic Industries Alliance) now has many sectors reporting to it and sets what is known as EIA standards where all registered pinouts and registered jacks can be found.

The functions of contacts in electrical connectors, be they power- or signaling-related, must be specified for connectors to be interchangeable. Each connector contact must mate with the contact on the other connector with the same function. If contacts of disparate functions are allowed to make contact, the connection may fail, and damage may result. Therefore, pinouts are a vital reference when building and testing connectors, cables, and adapters.


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Suppose one has specified wires within a cable (for instance, the colored Ethernet cable wires in ANSI/TIA-568 T568A). In that case, the order in which different color wires are attached to pins of an electrical connector defines the wiring scheme. In any multi-pin connector, there are multiple ways to map wires to pins, so different configurations may be created that superficially look identical but function differently. Pinouts define these configurations. Many connectors have multiple standard pinouts in use for different manufacturers or applications.[1]

While one usage of the word pin is to refer to electrical contacts of, specifically, the male gender, its usage in pinout does not imply gender: the contact-to-function cross-reference for a connector that has only female socket contacts is still called a pinout.

The pinout can typically be shown as a table or diagram. However, it is necessary to clarify how to view the diagram, stating if it shows the backside of the connector (where wires are attached) or the "mating face" of the connector. Published pinouts, which are particularly important when different manufacturers want to interconnect their products using open standards, are typically provided by the connector or equipment manufacturer. However, some pinouts are provided by 3rd parties since the manufacturer does not well document some connectors.

While repairing electronic devices, an electronics technician uses electronic test equipment to "pin out" each component on a PCB. The technician probes each pin of the component in turn, comparing the expected signal on each pin to the actual signal on that pin.

Kyocera's connectors are meeting a wide variety of requests from customers such as light, thin and short in size, high performance, multifunction, high-speed, high heat resistance, and high electrical current. They are highly reliable and utilized in a wide range of fields of communications equipment, automobiles, medical devices, industrial equipment, OA and AV equipment and so on. Kyocera's connectors contribute to the evolution of the electronics industry by a state-of-the-art technologies that meet the needs of ever-evolving electronic equipment.

The world of electronics is ever-evolving, and so is the Electronic Component Pinouts app. With regular updates, the app ensures that its users are always equipped with the latest information. From adding around 100 new components in its recent version to actively seeking feedback for missing chip pinouts, the app is committed to staying updated and user-centric.

Electronic Component Pinouts Free is an Android application developed by Adriano Moutinho that offers an offline database with more thanelectronic component pinouts. The app includes pinouts for chips, transistors, diodes, triacs, microprocessors, and many more. The app is fast and does not require an internet connection to search, with overdifferent pinouts and a lot of equivalents.

The app is a useful reference tool for electronic hobbyists, students, and professionals who need to quickly access electronic component pinouts on the go. With its easy-to-use interface and comprehensive database, Electronic Component Pinouts Free is a must-have application for anyone looking for a quick and reliable way to access electronic component pinouts.

In these situations, make sure you know how to find equivalent electronic components. Fortunately, there are some strategies you can use early in the design stage to reduce your risk of redesigns. There are also some strategies you can use to find and replace any out-of-stock components in your design before you start your manufacturing run.

When a certain component is unavailable, finding an equivalent component that is also a drop-in replacement is most desirable. This effectively brings the extent of any required redesign to zero. However, not all components have direct equivalents or drop-in replacements, so a suitable alternative has to be found. An alternative will generally have a different package and electrical ratings, but it may still satisfy the main functionality requirements for your design.

The table below shows what types of equivalents/alternatives you can expect to find for different types of components. As can be seen, not all types of components have equivalents or alternatives, and changing out certain components (e.g., specialized ICs in unique packages) can force an extensive redesign.

The easiest way to find equivalent electronic components is to use an electronic components search engine. A search engine will allow you to locate components by manufacturer name, MPN, product line name, component type, and specifications. A good strategy to use with a component search engine is as follows:

Throughout this process, you may find that you end up with a superior alternative component that makes your design much better. The best search engines can also provide component footprints and symbols alongside distributor data and datasheets. Make sure to check the distributor data while searching for equivalent electronic components to ensure you do not swap out one unavailable part with another.

A 7805 voltage regulator is an integrated circuit designed to maintain a constant output voltage despite changes in input voltage and load. Specifically, the 7805 is a positive voltage regulator that ensures a stable +5V output, making it a popular choice for powering various electronic components and circuits.

It would not be hard to find out which contact transfers what sort of information from lens to camera. Aperture info goes through this channel; focus info goes through that one, or those three... and so on. In that sense, the pinout probably is fairly easy to decipher.

The problem is understanding the actual VALUES transmitted from lens to camera along each of those channels, and the circumstances under which the dialog occurs, and then being able to program your AVR microcontroller so it can translate the functions of a non-CPU lens into the appropriate electronic Nikon-speak for the body and transfer the correct signals over the correct contacts.

I don't mean to make this sound worse than it is. I'm sure you're right that the protocol itself isn't terribly complex. What WILL be complex is reverse engineering the protocol's implications for a variety of lenses, and teaching a microprocessor to be an electronic go-between.

You can buy the the part from Nikon for US$35. It includes electronic components mounted on a flexibe circuit and a connector made of hard plastic holding the contacts. These are repair parts for Non D lenses.

I've seen a pinout for the F mount (which isn't too hard to find online); reverse-engineering any serial component to the protocol is another matter, and I'm not qualified to comment. I strongly doubt anything official is public, but I'd like to think anyone with enough time to spend with a logic analyser could come up with the basics.

I'm not quite sure what you mean by "initial value of aperture". On F-mount lenses prior to E aperture, the aperture coupling lever in the mount (see through the Nikon F-Mount - photography by Jrgen Becker and Photography in Malaysia) pushes on the aperture stop-down lever on the lens. On lenses that have a mechanical aperture ring (lenses that aren't "G"), older cameras just drop the aperture coupling lever through its full range, and rely on the aperture ring on the lens to control the smallest aperture of the lens mechanically. Newer cameras with a meter coupling lever on AF/AI-P lenses, or with G lenses, can set the aperture of the lens by moving the aperture lever a fraction of its distance rather than through the full range. AI-S and later lenses have a linear relationship between lever movement and aperture, allowing this to work. The camera doesn't need to know the absolute maximum aperture (except for matrix metering), it only needs to know how many stops you want to stop down relative to the wide-open meter reading. So if you set an aperture near to the maximum for the lens, the lever will move less far than if you want a smaller aperture. I'm reasonably sure the motion of the aperture stop-down lever should be independent of the actual maximum aperture of the lens - otherwise you would need to tell the camera the maximum aperture for non-electronic lenses for any metering to work, and you don't. Electronic lenses do report their minimum and maximum apertures, but I don't think that should affect the motion of the lever.

It may seem straightforward, but reliability is a complicated topic when it comes to the design of electronic products. Shrinking design cycles and shortening test periods are colliding with customer demand for more capable devices and the threat of expertise lost with a retiring workforce. Learn how engineers are leveraging new tools to meet end user expectations without sacrificing reliability. 17dc91bb1f

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